Editing Glossop (section)

==History==
<!--This section is now very long and may form the basis of a future article History of Glossop-->

===Toponymy and definition===
The name Glossop is thought to be of Anglo-Saxon origin, named during the [[Angles (tribe)|Angles]]' settlement in the 7th century, and derived from ''Glott's Hop''—where ''hop'' could mean a valley,<ref name="cressbrook1">{{cite web |url=http://www.cressbrook.co.uk/towns/glossop.php |title=Glossop &#124; Peak District Towns and Villages &#124; Staffordshire &#124; Derbyshire &#124; England &#124; UK |publisher=Cressbrook.co.uk |access-date=14 June 2008 |archive-date=21 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821204134/http://www.cressbrook.co.uk/towns/glossop.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> a small valley in a larger valley system,<ref>Hanmer, J., Winterbottom, D. (1993), ''The Book of Glossop'', 2nd edition, Baron Birch/Quotes. {{ISBN|0-86023-484-3}}</ref> or a piece of land enclosed by marshes<ref>Wilkinson, P. (November 1998), 'Finding Beowulf in Kent's landscape', ''British Archaeology'', Council for British Archaeology, York, Issue 39 .</ref> and ''Glott'' was probably a chieftain's name. Because of its size and location, Glossop had many definitions. The village of Glossop is now called Old Glossop. Howard Town and Milltown gained importance. They were named New Town and then Glossop. Local government reorganisations had caused the Glossopdale villages to be promoted to a municipal borough and then have that status removed. Land has been added to Glossop and other lands removed. From a small settlement it became an ancient parish, a manor, a borough and a township. Currently, two county divisions in High Peak Borough, Derbyshire, have Glossop as part of their names.<ref name="jigrah2"/>

===Ancient===
There is evidence of a Bronze Age burial site on Shire Hill (near [[Old Glossop]]) and other possibly prehistoric remains at Torside (on the slopes of [[Bleaklow]]). The [[Roman Britain|Romans]] arrived in 78 AD. At that time, the area was within the territory of the [[Brigantes]] tribe, whose main base was in [[Yorkshire]]. In the late 1st century the Romans built a fort, [[Ardotalia]], on high ground above the river in present-day [[Gamesley]].<ref name="cressbrook1"/> The site of this fort was rediscovered in 1771 by an amateur historian, [[John Watson (antiquary)|John Watson]]. It subsequently acquired the name Melandra Castle. The extensive site has been excavated, revealing fort walls, a shrine and the fort headquarters. The area has been landscaped to provide parking and picnic areas.

===Medieval===
[[William the Conqueror|King William I]] awarded the manor of Glossop to [[William Peverel]], who began construction of [[Glossop Castle]], but the entire estate was later confiscated. In 1157 [[Henry II of England|King Henry II]] gave the manor of Glossop to [[Basingwerk Abbey]]. They gained a [[market town|market charter]] for Glossop in 1290,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.domesdaybook.co.uk/derbyshire2.html |title=The Domesday Book Online – Derbyshire F-R |publisher=Domesdaybook.co.uk }}</ref> and one for Charlesworth in 1328.
In 1433, the monks leased all of Glossopdale to the Talbot family, later [[Earl of Shrewsbury|Earls of Shrewsbury]]. In 1494, an illegitimate son of the family, Dr John Talbot, was appointed vicar of Glossop. He founded a school, and paved the packhorse route over the moors; this is known as [[Doctor's Gate]].<ref name="Annals">{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Peggy|title=Annals of Glossop|publisher=Glossop Heritage Centre|location=Glossop, Derbyshire|date=December 1999|pages=5, 6}}</ref>

At the [[dissolution of the monasteries]] in 1537 the manor of Glossop was given to the Talbot family. In 1606 it came into the ownership of the Howard family, the [[Dukes of Norfolk]], who held it for the next 300 years. Glossop was usually given to the second son of the family.
The land was too wet and cold to be used for wheat but was ideal for the hardy [[Swaledale sheep|Pennine sheep]], so agriculture was predominantly pastoral.<ref name="Annals"/> Most of the land was owned by the Howards and was [[leasehold]] and it was only in [[Whitfield, Derbyshire|Whitfield]] that there was any [[Freehold (law)|freehold]] land. The few houses were solid, built of the local stone, and allowed for the development of home industries such as wool spinning and weaving.

===Industrial and civic history===
[[File:Tramway on Victoria Street, Glossop.jpg|thumb|250px|Victoria Street {{circa}} 1920 showing the electric tramway that operated until 1927]]
The medieval economy was based on sheep pasture and the production of wool by farmers who were tenants of the Abbot of Basingwerk and later the Talbot family. During the [[Industrial Revolution]] of the 18th century Glossop became a centre for cotton spinning. A good transport network between Liverpool and Glossop brought in imported cotton which was spun by a labour force with wool spinning skills. The climate of Glossopdale provided abundant soft water that was used to power mills and finish the cloth, and also gave the humidity necessary to spin cotton under tension. Initial investment was provided by the Dukes of Norfolk. By 1740, cotton in an unspun form had been introduced to make [[fustian]]s and lighter cloths.<ref name=birch/>

====Mills====
The first mills in Glossop were woollen mills. In 1774, [[Richard Arkwright]] opened a mill at [[Cromford]]. He developed the [[factory system]] and patented machines for spinning cotton and [[carding]]. In 1785, his patents expired and many people copied Arkwright's system and his patents, exemplified by the [[Derwent Valley Mills]]. By 1788 there were over 200 Arkwright-type mills in Britain.<ref>{{Citation |title=Nomination of the Derwent Valley Mills for inscription on the World Heritage List |publisher=Derwent Valley Mills Partnership |year=2000 |pages=28, 94–97 }}</ref> At the same time there were 17 [[cotton mill]]s in Derbyshire, principally in Glossop. By 1831 there were at least 30 mills in Glossopdale, none of which had more than 1,000 spindles. The mill owners were local men: the Wagstaffs and Hadfields were freeholders from [[Whitfield, Derbyshire|Whitfield]]; the Shepleys, Shaws, Lees, Garlicks and Platts had farmed the dale. The Sidebottoms were from [[Hadfield, Derbyshire|Hadfield]], the Thornleys were carpenters and John Bennet and John Robinson were clothiers.<ref name=birch/>
[[John Wood (millowner)|John Wood]] of [[Marsden, West Yorkshire|Marsden]] came from Manchester in 1819 and bought existing woollen mills which he expanded. These were the Howard Town mills. [[Francis Sumner (mayor)|Francis Sumner]] was a [[Catholic]] whose family had connections with Matthew Ellison, Howard's agent. He built Wren Nest Mill. The Sidebottoms built the Waterside Mill at Hadfield. In 1825, John Wood installed the first steam engine and [[power loom]]s. Sumner and Sidebottom followed suit and the three mills, Wren Nest, Howardtown and Waterside, became very large vertical combines (a vertical combine was a mill that both spun the yarn and then used it to weave cloth). With the other major families, the Shepleys, Rhodes and Platts, they dominated the dale. In 1884, the six had 82% of the spinning capacity with 892,000 spindles and 13,571 looms. Glossop was a town of very large calico mills. The [[Glossop Tramway]] was opened in 1903 to connect workers to the various mills along the main routes between Glossop and Hadfield.

The calico printing factory of [[Edmund Potter]] (located in Dinting Vale) in the 1850s printed 2½ million pieces of printed calico, of which 80% was for export. The paper industry was created by [[Edward Partington, 1st Baron Doverdale|Edward Partington]] who, as Olive and Partington, bought the Turn Lee Mill in 1874 to produce high-quality paper from wood pulp by the [[Sulfite process|sulphite method]]. He expanded rapidly with mills in [[Salford]] and [[Barrow-in-Furness]]. He merged with Kellner of [[Vienna]] and was created [[Edward Partington, 1st Baron Doverdale|Lord Doverdale]] in 1917. He died in 1925; his factories in Charlestown created nearly 1,000 jobs.<ref name=birch/>

====Religion and benevolence====
[[File:Glossop6192.JPG|upright|thumb|Norfolks' Lion]] [[File:Glossop - presbytery and RC church.jpg|thumb|top|right|All Saints' Roman Catholic Chapel]]
[[Bernard Howard, 12th Duke of Norfolk]], rebuilt the old parish church in 1831, built All Saints Roman Catholic chapel in 1836, improved the Hurst Reservoir in 1837, built a primary school next to the church,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1384225|desc=Duke of Norfolk's Primary School and Schoolhouse|grade=II|access-date=2 January 2025}}</ref> and built the [[Glossop Town Hall|Town Hall]], whose foundation stone was laid on Coronation Day 1838.

The [[Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway]] came to Dinting in 1842, but it was the [[Henry Howard, 13th Duke of Norfolk|13th Duke of Norfolk]] who built the [[spur line]] to Howard Town, so that coal could be brought from the collieries at [[Dukinfield]]. [[Glossop railway station]] bears the lion, the symbol of the Norfolks.<ref name=birch/> Many of the street- and placenames in Glossop derive from the names and titles of the Dukes of Norfolk, such as [[Norfolk Square, Glossop|Norfolk Square]], and a cluster of residential streets off Norfolk Street that were named after [[Henry Howard, 13th Duke of Norfolk]], the first Catholic MP since the [[English Reformation|Reformation]]. (His second son was created 1st [[Baron Howard of Glossop]] and was ancestor of the post-1975 dukes.)

A two-storey Township [[Workhouse]] was built between 1832 and 1834 on Bute Street ({{gbmapping|SK043952}}). Its administration was taken over by Glossop Poor Law Union in December 1837. The workhouse buildings included a 40-bed infirmary, piggeries and casual wards for vagrants. The workhouse later became Glossop Public Assistance Institution and from 1948 the [[National Health Service|N.H.S.]] [[Shire Hill Hospital]].<ref>Higginbotham, P. (2007), Workhouses of the Midlands, Tempus, Stroud. pp. 31–32. {{ISBN|978-0-7524-4488-8}}</ref>

The mill owners, Catholics, Anglican, Methodist and Unitarian, built reading rooms and chapels. They worked together and worshipped together with their workers. The Woods, Sidebottoms and Shepleys were Anglicans and hence Tory, and they dominated every vestry, which was the only form of local government before 1866. They built four churches [[St James' Church Glossop|St James's, Whitfield]] in 1846, St Andrew's, Hadfield in 1874, Holy Trinity, Dinting in 1875 and [[St Luke's Church, Glossop|St Luke's, Glossop]]. Francis Sumner and the Ellisons and Norfolks were Catholic and built St Charles's, Hadfield and St Mary's, Glossop. The smaller mill owners were Dissenters and congregated at Littlemoor Independent Chapel built in Hadfield in 1811, but they later built a further eleven chapels.<ref name=birch/>

For decades there was rivalry between [[Edward Partington, 1st Baron Doverdale|Edward Partington]], his friend Herbert Rhodes, and the Woods and Sidebottoms. The Woods built the public baths and laid out the park. Partington built the library. Partington built the cricket pavilion, so [[Samuel Hill-Wood]] sponsored the football club that for one season, 1899–1900, played in League Division One. He and his descendants went on to be chairmen of the London club, [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]. He was MP for High Peak from 1910 to 1929. Edward's son, [[Oswald Partington, 2nd Baron Doverdale|Oswald]], was MP for High Peak from 1900 to 1910. Ann Kershaw Woods devoted herself to Anglican education and had schools built.<ref name=birch/>

====Cotton famine and industrial relations====
In 1851, 38% of the men and 27% of the women were employed in cotton; the only alternative employment was agriculture, building, or labouring on the railway. Consequently, the town was vulnerable to interruptions in the supply of cotton or the export trade. The [[American Civil War]] caused the [[Lancashire Cotton Famine|cotton famine]] of 1861–64. The mill owners met together and put in place a relief programme through which they supplied food, clogs and coal to their employees. Howard increased the workforce on his estate, and public works (such as improving the domestic water supply) were undertaken. They provided unsecured loans to the workers until the cotton returned. The relationship between the owners and men was one of paternal benevolence. They lived in the same community and worshipped in the same churches. The mill owners were the local aldermen, the church elders and led the sports teams. In the [[Luddite]] and [[Chartism|Chartist]] times and the period following [[Peterloo Massacre|Peterloo]], Glossop was virtually unaffected, despite its proximity to [[Hyde, Greater Manchester|Hyde]], a radical hotbed. In the [[John Doherty (trade unionist)#Doherty and trade unionism|'4s 2d or swing strike']] it was incomers from [[Ashton-under-Lyne|Ashton]] who stopped the Glossop mills. The rivalry in Glossop was not based on class but on religious groups.<ref name=birch/>

===Modern (20th and 21st centuries)===
[[File:Glossopmap1954.png|thumb|right|Map of Glossop from 1954]]
The decline of [[Cotton-spinning machinery|cotton spinning]] has resulted in the closure of many of the town's mills. The Howard family sold the Glossop Estate in 1925 and donated large areas to the people of Glossop. Manor Park was the location of the family's [[manor house]] and gardens. The [[Great Depression|recession of 1929]] hit Glossop very hard: in 1929 the unemployment rate was 14%, and in 1931 it was 55%. In Hadfield it reached 67%. National initiatives to improve housing and employment conditions largely failed, and mills fell empty and decayed. Unemployment remained at 36% in 1938. The [[World War II|Second World War]] changed this: military stores, metals, machine tools, munitions, rubber and essential industries moved into the empty factories and left Glossop with a more diverse range of industries.

In spite of the Barlow Report<ref name="Barlow Report">Royal Commission on the Distribution of the Industrial Population (the Barlow Commission),1943</ref> and government intervention, no significant employer moved into Glossop.<ref name=birch>{{cite book|last=Birch|first=A.H.|title=Small Town Politics, A Study of Political Life in Glossop|url=https://archive.org/details/smalltownpolitic0000birc|url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1959|pages=[https://archive.org/details/smalltownpolitic0000birc/page/8 8–38]|chapter=2}}</ref>

[[Gamesley]] underwent considerable change in the 1960s, when a large [[council estate]] was built, mainly to house people from Manchester. These housing areas, called '[[Overspill estate]]s', were also built in other towns surrounding Manchester.

===Plans===
[[File:Glossop6196.JPG|thumb|Henry Street Staircase realised through Glossop Vision]]
Glossop has been included as pilot in the Liveability scheme,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do?pageId=270358 |title=High Peak Borough Council: round five update |publisher=Idea.gov.uk }}{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and has drawn up the Glossop Vision masterplan for the improvement and gentrification of the town. This is being partially funded by the [[Heritage Lottery Fund]]. It aims to open up access to the Glossop Brook, to coordinate developments in Glossop town centre, to enhance the built environment and to link the town to its wider setting. As such, the mills have become a retail development with housing, trees are to be planted along the [[A57 road|A57]] and the market square has been pedestrianised.<ref name="Vision">{{cite web|url=http://www.highpeak.gov.uk/neighbourhood/glossopvision/|title=Glossop Vision Links|publisher=High Peak Borough Council|access-date=27 June 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529060039/http://www.highpeak.gov.uk/neighbourhood/glossopvision/|archive-date=29 May 2008}}</ref>