Editing Glossary of chess (section)

==A==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= absolute pin|content= [[Pin (chess)#Absolute pin|absolute pin]] {{anchor|Absolute pin|absolute pins}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pin|pin]] against the [[#king|king]] is called ''absolute'' since the pinned piece cannot legally move out of the line of [[#attack|attack]] (as moving it would expose the king to [[#check|check]]).<ref>Wilkinson 2008, p. 128</ref> Cf. ''[[#relative pin|relative pin]]''.}}

{{term|term= active|content= active {{anchor|Active|activity}} }}
{{defn|defn= Describes a [[#piece|piece]] that [[#threat|threatens]] a number of squares, or that has a number of squares available for its next move. It may also describe an aggressive style of play.<ref name="S&S_p237">Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 237</ref> Antonym: ''[[#passive|passive]]''.}}

[[Image:Adjournment.JPG|thumb|210px|Envelope used for the adjournment of a match game [[Efim Geller]] vs. [[Bent Larsen]], Copenhagen 1966]]

{{term|term= adjournment|content= [[Adjournment (games)#Chess|adjournment]] {{anchor|Adjournment|adjournments|adjourned}} }}
{{defn|defn= Suspension of a chess game with the intention to finish it later. It was once very common in high-level competition, often occurring soon after the first [[#time control|time control]], but has been mostly abandoned due to the advent of computer analysis.<ref>United States Chess Federation, p. 72</ref> See also ''[[#sealed move|sealed move]]''.}}

{{term|term= adjudication|content= adjudication {{anchor|Adjudication|adjudications|adjudicated}} }}
{{defn|defn= A way to decide the result of an unfinished game. A [[#tournament director|tournament director]], or an impartial and strong player, will evaluate the final position and assign a win, draw, or loss assuming best play by both players.<ref>United States Chess Federation 2003, pp. 84, 282</ref>}}

{{term|term= adjust|content= adjust {{anchor|Adjust|j'adoube|adjustment|adjustments|adjusted}} }}
{{defn|defn= See [[#touch-move rule|touch-move rule]]. To adjust the position of a [[#piece|piece]] on its square without being required to move it. A player may do this only on their turn, and must first say "I adjust", or the French equivalent "J'adoube".<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 59">Staunton 2014, p. 59</ref>}}

{{term|term= advanced pawn|content= advanced pawn {{anchor|Advanced pawn|advanced pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pawn|pawn]] that is on the opponent's half of the board (the fifth [[#rank|rank]] or higher for White; the fourth rank or lower for Black). An advanced pawn may be weak if it is [[#overextended|overextended]], lacking support and difficult to defend, or strong if it [[#cramped|cramps]] the enemy by limiting [[#mobility|mobility]]. An advanced [[#passed pawn|passed pawn]] that threatens to [[#promotion|promote]] can be especially strong.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, pp. 22–23</ref>}}

{{term|term= advantage|content= advantage {{anchor|Advantage|advantages}} }}
{{defn|defn= A better position with the chance of winning the game. Evaluation factors can include [[#space|space]], [[#time|time]], [[#material|material]], and [[#threat|threats]].<ref name=S&S_p237 />}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|Alekhine vs. Nimzowitsch, 1930
|  |rd|  |  |  |kd|  | 
|pd|  |rd|qd|nd|  |pd| 
|pl|pd|nd|  |pd|  |  |pd
|  |bl|  |pd|pl|pd|  | 
|  |pl|  |pl|  |pl|  | 
|  |  |rl|  |  |nl|  | 
|  |  |rl|  |  |  |pl|pl
|  |  |ql|  |  |  |kl| 
|Alekhine's gun 
}}
{{term|term= Alekhine's gun|content= [[Alekhine's gun]] {{anchor|Alekhine's gun}} }}
{{defn|defn= A special form of [[#battery|battery]] in which a [[#queen|queen]] backs up two [[#rook|rooks]] on the same [[#file|file]].<ref>van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 25</ref>}}

[[File:SCD algebraic notation.svg|right|Algebraic notation|frame]]

{{term|term= algebraic notation|content= [[Algebraic notation (chess)|algebraic notation]] {{anchor|Algebraic notation|algebraic chess notation}} }}
{{defn|defn= The standard way to record the moves of a chess game, using alphanumeric coordinates for the squares.<ref>Hochberg 2005, p. 14</ref> Also called ''standard notation''.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 389</ref> Abbr. AN.}}

{{term|term= amateur|content= amateur {{anchor|Amateur|amateurs}} }}
{{defn|defn= Any player whose main occupation is not chess.<ref name="Brace_p17">Brace 1977, p. 17</ref> The distinction between professional and amateur is not very important in chess as amateurs may win prizes, accept appearance fees, and earn any title, including [[#World Champion|World Champion]].<ref name=Brace_p17 /><ref name="H&W_p13">Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 13</ref> In the 19th century, "Amateur" was sometimes used in published game scores to conceal the name of the losing player in a Master vs. Amateur contest. It was thought to be impolite to use a player's name without permission, and the professional did not want to risk losing a customer.<ref name=H&W_p13 /> See also ''[[#NN|NN]]''.}}

{{term|term= analysis|content= analysis {{anchor|Analysis|analyses}} }}
{{defn|defn= The study of a game or a position, in order to evaluate the quality of the moves and various other aspects of the game or position. At the end of a game, the players will often do an analysis of the game. See also ''[[#post-mortem|post-mortem]]''.<ref name=S&S_p237 />}}

{{term|term= annotation|content= annotation {{anchor|Annotation|annotations}} }}
{{defn|defn= Written commentary on a game or a position using words, [[chess symbols]], and/or [[#notation|notation]].<ref name=S&S_p237 />}}

{{term|term= announced mate|content= announced mate {{anchor|Announced mate|announced checkmate}} }}
{{defn|defn= A practice, common in the 19th century, whereby a player would announce a sequence of moves, believed by them to constitute [[#optimal play|best play]] by both sides, that led to a [[#forced mate|forced checkmate]] for the announcing player in a specified number of moves (for example, "mate in five").<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 28</ref>}}

{{term|term= antipositional|content= antipositional {{anchor|Antipositional}} }}
{{defn|defn= A move or a plan that is not in accordance with the principles of [[#positional play|positional play]].<ref>Brace 1977, p. 22</ref> Antipositional is used to describe moves that are part of an incorrect plan rather than a mistake made when trying to follow a correct plan. Antipositional moves are often [[#pawn|pawn]] moves; since pawns cannot move backwards to return to squares they have left, their advance can create irreparable weaknesses.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 18</ref>}}

{{term|term= Anti-Sicilian|content= Anti-Sicilian {{anchor|Anti-Sicilian|Anti-Sicilians|anti-Sicilian}} }}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] [[#variation|variation]] that [[#White|White]] uses against the [[Sicilian Defense]] (1.e4 c5) other than the most common plan of 2.Nf3 followed by 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 (the Open Sicilian). Some Anti-Sicilians include the [[Sicilian Defence, Alapin Variation|Alapin Variation]] (2.c3), Moscow Variation (2.Nf3 d6 3.Bb5+), Rossolimo Variation (2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5), Grand Prix Attack (2.Nc3 Nc6 3.f4 g6 4.Nf3 Bg7 and now 5.Bc4 or 5.Bb5), Closed Sicilian (2.Nc3 followed by g3 and Bg2), [[Sicilian Defence, Smith–Morra Gambit|Smith–Morra Gambit]] (2.d4 cxd4 3.c3), and [[Wing Gambit]] (2.b4).<ref>Hoffman 1996, p. 12</ref>}}

{{Chess diagram small
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|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |kd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |rl
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|Arabian mate
}}
{{term|term= Arabian mate|content= [[Checkmate pattern#Arabian mate|Arabian mate]] {{anchor|Arabian mate|Arabian checkmate}} }}
{{defn|defn= A checkmate that occurs when the knight and rook trap the opposing king in a corner.<ref>Renaud & Kahn 1962, p. 182</ref>}}

{{term|term= arbiter|content= [[Arbiter (chess)|arbiter]] {{anchor|Arbiter|arbiters}} }}
{{defn|defn= An official responsible for overseeing chess tournaments and ensuring that the rules of chess are obeyed.}}

{{term|term= arena|content= arena {{anchor|Arena|arenas}} }}
{{defn|defn= A type of tournament without a fixed amount of rounds.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://support.chess.com/article/335-what-are-arena-tournaments |title=What are arena tournaments? |publisher=[[Chess.com]]}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= Armageddon game|content= [[Armageddon chess|Armageddon game]] {{anchor|Armageddon game|Armageddon games|Armageddon}} }}
{{defn|defn= A game that is guaranteed to produce a decisive result, because if there is a draw it is ruled a victory for Black. In compensation for this White is given more time on the clock. Often White is given five minutes, and Black four. This format is typically used in playoff tiebreakers when shorter [[#blitz chess|blitz]] games have not resolved the tie.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/11/26/chess-grandmasters-on-track-for-possible-armageddon-at-world-championship/ "Chess grandmasters on track for possible 'Armageddon' at world championship"] Payne, Marissa. ''Washington Post''. 26 November 2016.</ref>}}

{{term|term= artificial castling|content= [[artificial castling]] {{anchor|Artificial castling}} }}
{{defn|defn= Refers to a maneuver of several separate moves by the [[#king|king]] and by a [[#rook|rook]] where they end up as if they had [[#castling|castled]]. Also known as ''castling by hand''.<ref>Kaufmann 2014, p. 151</ref>}}

{{term|term= attack|content= attack {{anchor|Attack|attacks|attacking|attacked}} }}
{{defn|defn= An aggressive action on a part of the chessboard, or to threaten the capture of a piece or pawn.<ref name="S&S_p238">Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 238</ref> See also ''[[#counterattack|counterattack]]'', ''[[#discovered attack|discovered attack]]'', ''[[#double attack|double attack]]'', ''[[#mating attack|mating attack]]'', and ''[[#minority attack|minority attack]]''. Antonym: ''[[#defense|defense]]''.}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|Example of attraction
|  |  |  |  |  |  |rd| 
|ql|qd|kd|  |  |  |  | 
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |kl|rl|  |  |  | 
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
|White wins with 1.Rd7+! The black king is attracted away from the defense of the black queen with a [[#skewer|skewer]].
}}
{{term|term= attraction|content= [[Attraction (chess)|attraction]] {{anchor|Attraction|attracted}} }}
{{defn|defn= A type of [[#decoy|decoy]] involving a [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] of a [[#minor piece|minor]] or [[#major piece|major]] piece on a square next to the enemy king, forcing the king to abandon the defense of another square. For example ({{em|see diagram}}), the black queen has interposed to block a check from the white queen, and White can check the king from the opposite direction to win the queen.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 34</ref>}}

{{term|term= automaton|content= [[automaton]] {{anchor|Automaton|automatons}} }}
{{defn|defn=An automaton is a self-operating machine. In chess, it refers to chess-playing machines that were in fact hoaxes and under the control of hidden human players. Automatons stirred up great interest in the 18th and 19th centuries and inspired early thoughts of the possibility of [[artificial intelligence]]. By far, the most famous chess-playing "automaton" was [[Mechanical Turk|The Turk]], whose secret of human control was kept for a long time. The first true automaton [[El Ajedrecista]] was created by [[Leonardo Torres y Quevedo]].}}

{{glossary end}}