Editing Glam rock (section)

==Characteristics==
[[File:David-Bowie Early.jpg|thumb|upright|[[David Bowie]] as his alter-ego [[Ziggy Stardust (character)|Ziggy Stardust]] during the 1972–73 [[Ziggy Stardust Tour]] ]]
Glam rock can be seen as a fashion as well as musical subgenre.<ref name="Shuker2005pp124-5"/> Glam artists rejected the [[revolutionary]] rhetoric of the late 1960s rock scene, instead glorifying [[decadence]], superficiality, and the simple structures of earlier pop music.<ref name="fe"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Glam Rock|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/glam-rock|website=[[Britannica]]|access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> In response to these characteristics, scholars such as I.Taylor and D. Wall characterised glam rock as "offensive, commercial, and cultural emasculation".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gregory|first=Georgina|date=2002|title=Masculinity, Sexuality, and the Visual Culture of Glam Rock|url=http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/11875/1/11875_gregory.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/11875/1/11875_gregory.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|journal=Culture and Communication - University of Central Lancashire|volume=5|pages=37}}</ref>

Artists drew on such musical influences as [[bubblegum pop]], the brash [[guitar riff]]s of [[hard rock]], stomping rhythms, and 1950s [[rock and roll]], filtering them through the [[recording technology|recording innovations]] of the late 1960s.<ref name="fe">{{cite web|last1=Reynolds|first1=Simon|title=Simon Reynolds Speaks at Fordham on History of Glam Rock|url=http://fordhamenglish.com/news1/2016/10/25/simon-reynolds-speaks-on-glam-rock|website=Fordham English|access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Erlewine|first1=Stephen Thomas|title=All Music Guide: The Definitive Guide to Popular Music|date=2001|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation|page=3}}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite news|last1=Farber|first1=Jim|title=Growing Up Gay to a Glam Rock Soundtrack|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/04/fashion/mens-style/growing-up-gay-glam-rock-queen-bowie-freddie-mercury.html|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=3 November 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Ultimately, it became very diverse, varying between the simple rock and roll revivalism of figures like [[Alvin Stardust]] to the complex [[art pop]] of [[Roxy Music]].<ref name="Shuker2005pp124-5" /> In its beginning, it was a youth-orientated reaction to the creeping dominance of [[progressive rock]] and [[concept album]]s – what ''[[Bomp!]]'' called the "overall denim dullness" of "a deadly boring, prematurely matured music scene".<ref name="Barnes">{{Cite magazine |last=Barnes |first=Ken |author-link=Ken Barnes (writer) |date=March 1978 |title=The Glitter Era: Teenage Rampage |url=https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/the-glitter-era-teenage-rampage |magazine=[[Bomp!]] |access-date=26 January 2019 |via=[[Rock's Backpages]] |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Visually, it was a mesh of various styles, ranging from 1930s [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] glamour, through 1950s pin-up sex appeal, pre-war [[cabaret]] theatrics, [[Victorian literature|Victorian]] literary and [[Symbolism (movement)|symbolist]] styles, [[science fiction]], to ancient and occult [[mysticism]] and [[mythology]]; manifesting itself in outrageous clothes, makeup, hairstyles, and platform-soled boots.<ref name="P. Auslander, 2006 pp. 57, 63"/> Glam rock is most noted for its sexual and gender ambiguity and representations of [[androgyny]], beside extensive use of theatrics.<ref name=AllmusicGR>[{{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d388|pure_url=yes}} "Glam rock"], AllMusic. Retrieved 26 June 2009.</ref>

It was prefigured by the flamboyant English composer [[Noël Coward]], especially his 1931 song "[[Mad Dogs and Englishmen (song)|Mad Dogs and Englishmen]]", with music writer Daryl Easlea stating, "Noël Coward's influence on people like Bowie, Roxy Music and [[Cockney Rebel]] was absolutely immense. It suggested style, artifice and surface were equally as important as depth and substance. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine noted Coward's 'sense of personal style, a combination of cheek and chic, pose and poise'. It reads like a glam manifesto."<ref name="Independent"/> Showmanship and [[gender bender|gender identity manipulation]] acts included [[the Cockettes]] and [[Alice Cooper]], the latter of which combined glam with [[shock rock]].<ref>P. Auslander, ''Performing Glam Rock: Gender and Theatricality in Popular Music'' (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2006), {{ISBN|0-472-06868-7}}, p. 34.</ref>