Editing Gladstone, Oregon (section)

==History==

===Clackamas Indians===
Prior to European settlement, there were several [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] groups living in the area that was to become Gladstone.<ref name="orcity">{{cite web |url=http://www.orcity.org/planning/brief-history-oregon-city |title=Brief History of Oregon City |date=2000 |website=Official City of Oregon City website |access-date=10 September 2014 |archive-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913015149/http://www.orcity.org/planning/brief-history-oregon-city |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1804, President [[Thomas Jefferson]] commissioned the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] to explore the [[Louisiana Territory]] and beyond.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Meriwether |last2=Clark |first2=William |title=The Journals Of Lewis And Clark |ref=L&CJournals |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=2004 |pages=312 |isbn=9781419167997 }}</ref> Although the expedition passed only near the Gladstone – Oregon City locality on their way to and from the Pacific Ocean, via the [[Columbia River]], natives such as the [[Kalapuya]] and the [[Clackamas people]] told them about the area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/read/?_xmlsrc=1806-04-03.xml&_xslsrc=LCstyles.xsl#n31040318 |title=The journals of the Lewis and Clark expedition |website=University of Nebraska Lincoln |access-date=January 16, 2014 |archive-date=2015-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123022118/http://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/read/?_xmlsrc=1806-04-03.xml&_xslsrc=LCstyles.xsl#n31040318 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the subsequent years, successive waves of explorers and traders would introduce epidemics of [[cholera]] and [[smallpox]], which would take a heavy toll on the native peoples and contributed to a substantial reduction in population.<ref name="orcity"/>

As [[Oregon City, Oregon|Oregon City]] was founded and European settlers began moving to the area, they petitioned their governments to remove the local natives from the land, so that the settlers could use it for farming and housing. The government allocated a [[Indian reservation|reservation]] for the natives and re-appropriated Gladstone for redevelopment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usgennet.org/usa/or/county/clackamas/clackamas.html |title=The Clackamas Chinook people |last=Kohnen |first=Patricia |website=www.usgennet.org |access-date=10 September 2014 |archive-date=4 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204120520/http://www.usgennet.org/usa/or/county/clackamas/clackamas.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{anchor|The Pow Wow tree}} {{as of|2014}}, the only extant remnant of the bygone natives is a large [[Acer macrophyllum|maple tree]] called the ''Pow Wow Tree'', which is listed as an [[Oregon Heritage Tree]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ortravelexperience.com/oregon-heritage-trees/pow-wow-tree/ |title=Pow-Wow Tree |publisher=Oregon Travel Experience |access-date=September 8, 2014 |archive-date=September 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908134215/http://ortravelexperience.com/oregon-heritage-trees/pow-wow-tree/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The tree still stands at Clackamas Boulevard, and is said to have marked the place where the different [[Native Americans in the United States|native]] tribes, mainly [[Clackamas (tribe)|Clackamas]] and [[Multnomah (tribe)|Multnomahs]], met to make trading agreements, settle community affairs, and conduct wedding ceremonies. In 1860, the Pow-Wow Tree was the location set for the first Clackamas County Fair. The following year, it was used as a parade ring for the first [[Oregon State Fair]] and marked the entrance. In 1937, the tree itself was celebrated with the Gladstone Pow-Wow Festival.<ref name=CoG/>

===Early homesteaders===
The earliest homesteads in the area were recipients of the [[Donation Land Claim Act]]. The Cason and the Rinearson families were the first settlers to receive their donation land claims in Gladstone. Peter M. Rinearson and his family owned the land between Jennings Lodge and the Clackamas River, and between the Willamette River and Portland Avenue.<ref name=CoG/> Fendal Cason, who came to Oregon in 1843 and would go on to serve on in the [[Oregon Territorial Legislature]], owned an area of equal size east of Portland Avenue.<ref name=Pioneers>{{cite web |url= http://www.oregonpioneers.com/1843.htm |title= Captains of 1843 |last= Flora |first= Stephanie |work= Emigrants to Oregon in 1843 |year= 2004 |access-date= September 10, 2014 |archive-date= May 2, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190502021535/http://www.oregonpioneers.com/1843.htm |url-status= live }}</ref>

===Unsuccessful early townships===
Before Gladstone was formally founded, several small settlements were established in its vicinity. However, due to various natural disasters, such as fires and floods, few survived to become incorporated cities of today.

One such community was [[Linn City, Oregon|Linn City]] (originally named ''Robin's Nest''). Settled in 1843 by [[Robert Moore (Oregon pioneer)|Robert Moore]], Robert himself built four flour and lumber mills along the banks of the Willamette. Warehouses, homes, and mills were steadily added until 1861, when a fire destroyed several of the buildings. Efforts at rebuilding the small town entirely ceased when the [[Great Flood of 1862]] struck, wiping out the remaining buildings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/res/Education_in_BLM/Learning_Landscapes/For_Kids/History_Mystery/hm3/linn_city.html |title=Linn City: A Victim of Nature's Wrath |last=Thomas |first=Mike |date=October 23, 2009 |website=U.S. Department of the Interior – Bureau of Land Management |access-date=September 10, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930010910/http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/res/Education_in_BLM/Learning_Landscapes/For_Kids/History_Mystery/hm3/linn_city. |archive-date=September 30, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portlandhistory.net/2013/01/linn-city/ |title=Linn City |date=January 20, 2013 |website=portlandhistory.net |access-date=10 September 2014 |archive-date=16 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216083027/http://www.portlandhistory.net/2013/01/linn-city/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Another such ill-fated settlement was [[Canemah, Oregon|Canemah]], located near the [[Willamette Falls]]. Canemah prospered until 1861, when the same great flood swept most of the town over the falls. Even after reconstruction, much of the town's importance to river commerce ended in 1873 with completion of the [[Willamette Falls Locks]]. Ships no longer needed to dock and unload goods and passengers for [[portage]] around the falls. The remaining town officially survived until 1929, when it was annexed to Oregon City.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/canemah/#.VBDTTShUpjc |title=Canemah |last=Hedges |first=David |website=The Oregon Encyclopedia |access-date=10 September 2014 |archive-date=13 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913012645/http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/canemah/#.VBDTTShUpjc |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Founding===
[[File:Judge Harvey Cross.png|thumb|left|Judge Harvey Cross (1856–1927), founder of Gladstone]]
Gladstone was founded by Judge Harvey Cross in 1889, and formally incorporated on January 10, 1911. It was named after the UK Prime Minister [[William Ewart Gladstone]].<ref>{{cite book
| last1 = McArthur | first1 = Lewis A.
| first2 = Lewis L. | last2 = McArthur
| title = [[Oregon Geographic Names]]
| location = Portland
| publisher = [[Oregon Historical Society Press]]
| pages = 404
| date = 2003
| isbn = 0-87595-278X }}</ref>
Judge Cross laid out the city's first streets. Cross' home was built in the late 1840s by Fendal Cason, and Cross purchased it in 1862.<ref name=Cason>{{cite news |url= http://blog.oregonlive.com/clackamascounty/2008/08/historical_society_plans_to_fe.html |title= Historical society plans to feed minds, bellies |date= August 20, 2008 |access-date= December 16, 2008 |newspaper= [[The Oregonian]] |archive-date= April 1, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120401055049/http://blog.oregonlive.com/clackamascounty/2008/08/historical_society_plans_to_fe.html |url-status= live }}</ref> The Cason-Cross House later became Cochran Mortuary. Currently, [[Mr. Rooter]], a plumbing service, occupies the space.<ref name=Cason/> There is also a small park named after Cross, located at the same place one of the Indian tribes made its camp.<ref name="parks">{{cite web |url=http://www.ci.gladstone.or.us/files/Park_and_Rec_Webpage.pdf |title=Parks & Recreation Information |website=Official City of Gladstone Website |access-date=10 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913013234/http://www.ci.gladstone.or.us/files/Park_and_Rec_Webpage.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Chautauqua movement===
In 1894, the [[Chautauqua]] movement made its way to Gladstone. Judge Cross established a fifty-year lease of Gladstone Park for this event after he was convinced by Oregon City author [[Eva Emery Dye]] that doing so would be a boon to the city and its people. Beginning on July 24–26, 1894, the newly formed Willamette Valley Chautauqua Association held an annual summer assembly that offered performances, lectures, and concerts.<ref name=HistSoc2>{{cite web |url= http://www.gladstonehistoricalsociety.org/history-of-gladstone-part-2.html |title= History of Gladstone Part 2 |publisher= Gladstone Historical Society |access-date= January 20, 2015 |archive-date= January 20, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150120232454/http://www.gladstonehistoricalsociety.org/history-of-gladstone-part-2.html |url-status= live }}</ref> This event would recur annually, until Gladstone's Chautauqua Park grew to be the third-largest permanent Chautauqua assembly park in the United States.<ref name=HistSoc4>{{cite web |url= http://www.gladstonehistoricalsociety.org/history-of-gladstone-part-4.html |title= History of Gladstone Part 4 |publisher= Gladstone Historical Society |access-date= January 20, 2015 |archive-date= January 20, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150120232455/http://www.gladstonehistoricalsociety.org/history-of-gladstone-part-4.html |url-status= live }}</ref>

In 1896, William Jennings Bryan drew a crowd of 6,000 to Gladstone's then {{Convert|78|acre|ha|adj=on}} Chautauqua park to hear him give his popular lecture "The Prince of Peace", which stressed that [[Christianity|Christian]] theology, through both individual and group morality, was a solid foundation for peace and equality.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schwantes |first=Carlos |date=1989 |title=The Pacific Northwest: An Interpretive History |isbn=0803292287 |page=281 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JImlIbueaXcC&q=source&pg=PA281 |access-date=2020-10-17 |archive-date=2021-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131040250/https://books.google.com/books?id=JImlIbueaXcC&q=source&pg=PA281 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Jennings Bryan |first=William |title=The Prince of Peace |url=http://thriceholy.net/Texts/Prince.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709004237/http://thriceholy.net/Texts/Prince.html |archive-date=9 July 2015 |access-date=23 January 2015 |website=thriceholy.net}}</ref>

With the advent of radio, improved transportation and the appearance of traveling [[vaudeville]] acts in Portland, attendance at the Chautauqua began to dwindle. In 1927, the Willamette Valley Chautauqua Association went bankrupt. Judge Cross died on August 7, 1927, and shortly thereafter, Gladstone Park, including its buildings and Chautauqua Lake, were sold to the Western Oregon Conference of [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]].<ref name=HistSoc4/>