Editing Giovanni Battista Pergolesi (section)

==Biography==
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 | header            = Two caricatures by [[Pier Leone Ghezzi]]<br />("the only extant authentic portraits")<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-battista-pergolesi_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ |title=PERGOLESI, Giovanni Battista |author=Toscani, Claudio |date=2015 |website=[[Dizionario biografico degli italiani]] |publisher=[[Treccani|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana]]. Volume 82 |access-date=10 August 2023 |location=Rome|language=it}}
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 | caption1          = "Pergolese music composer who came to Rome on 20 May 1734"<br />([[The British Museum]])
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 | caption2          = "Signor Pergolese, Neapolitan music composer, who is clever indeed and died in Naples on 7 February 1736, and had suffered greatly with his left leg which made him walk with a limp)."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carrozzo |first1=Mario |last2=Cimagalli |first2=Cristina |date=2001 |title=Storia della musica occidentale |page=326 |language=it |location=Rome |publisher=Armando |volume=II: ''Dal Barocco al Classicismo viennese'' |isbn=9788860811066 |quote=}}</ref><br />([[Vatican Library|Vatican Apostolic Library]])
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 | footer            = The two caricature sketches by Pier Leone Ghezzi (the latter evidently derived from the former) are "the only two authentic portraits of the musician that have come down to us. The marked features of the face are very far from subsequent idealizations: pronounced deformity<ref>In Italian "''anchilosi''" (ankylosis), not used in a technical sense.</ref> of the left leg is also shown, a sign of probable previous [[polio]]myelitis [...]".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dorsi |first1=Fabrizio |last2=Rausa |first2=Giuseppe |date=2000 |title=Storia dell'opera italiana |location=Turin |publisher=Bruno Mondadori |language=it |pages=126–127 |isbn=88-424-9408-9}}</ref>
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Born in [[Jesi]] in what is now the [[Province of Ancona]] (but was then part of the [[Papal States]]), he was commonly given the nickname "Pergolesi", a [[demonym]] indicating in Italian the residents of [[Pergola, Italy|Pergola]], Marche, the birthplace of his ancestors. He studied music in Jesi under a local musician, Francesco Santi, before going to [[Naples]] in 1725, where he studied under [[Gaetano Greco]] and [[Francesco Feo]] among others. On leaving the conservatory in 1731, he won some renown by performing the [[oratorio]] in two parts ''{{illm|La fenice sul rogo|lt=La fenice sul rogo, o vero La morte di San Giuseppe|it|La fenice sul rogo}}'' ("The Phoenix on the Pyre, or The Death of Saint Joseph"), and the ''dramma sacro'' in three acts, ''[[La conversione e morte di San Guglielmo|Li prodigi della divina grazia nella conversione e morte di san Guglielmo duca d’Aquitania]]'' ("The Miracles of Divine Grace in the Conversion and Death of Saint William, Duke of Aquitaine"). He spent most of his brief life working for aristocratic patrons such as Ferdinando [[Colonna family|Colonna]], Prince of Stigliano, and Domenico Marzio [[House of Carafa|Carafa]], Duke of Maddaloni.

Pergolesi was one of the most important early composers of ''[[opera buffa]]'' (comic opera). His ''[[opera seria]]'', ''[[Il prigionier superbo]]'', contained the two-act ''buffa'' [[intermezzo]], ''[[La serva padrona]]'' (''The Servant Mistress'', 28 August 1733), which became a very popular work in its own right. When it was performed in Paris in 1752, it prompted the so-called [[Querelle des Bouffons]] ("quarrel of the comic actors") between supporters of serious French opera by the likes of [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]] and [[Jean-Philippe Rameau]] and supporters of new Italian comic opera. Pergolesi was held up as a model of the Italian style during this quarrel, which divided Paris's musical community for two years.

Among Pergolesi's other operatic works are his first [[opera seria]] ''[[La Salustia]]'' (1732), ''[[Lo frate 'nnamorato]]'' (''The brother in love'', 1732, to a text in the [[Neapolitan language]]), ''[[L'Olimpiade (Pergolesi)|L'Olimpiade]]'' (January 1735) and ''[[Il Flaminio]]'' (1735, to a text in the Neapolitan language). All his operas were premiered in Naples, apart from ''L'Olimpiade'', which was first given in [[Rome]].

Pergolesi also wrote sacred music, including a [[mass (music)|Mass]] in F and three ''[[Salve Regina]]'' settings. The Lenten Hymn 'God of Mercy and Compassion' by [[Redemptorist]] priest Edmund Vaughan is most commonly set to a tune adapted by Pergolesi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catholicretreats.net/great-lenten-hymns-god-of-mercy-and-compassion|title=Catholic Retreats|website=catholicretreats.net|access-date=16 June 2019}}</ref> It is his ''[[Stabat Mater (Pergolesi)|Stabat Mater]]'' (1736), however, for [[soprano]], [[alto (voice)|alto]], [[string orchestra]] and [[basso continuo]], which is his best-known sacred work. It was commissioned by the Confraternita dei Cavalieri di San Luigi di Palazzo, which presented an annual Good Friday meditation in honour of the Virgin Mary. Pergolesi's work replaced the [[Stabat Mater (Scarlatti)|one composed by Alessandro Scarlatti]] in 1724, but which was already perceived as "old-fashioned," so rapidly had public tastes changed. While classical in scope, the opening section of the setting demonstrates Pergolesi's mastery of the Italian baroque ''durezze e ligature'' style, characterized by numerous suspensions over a faster, conjunct bassline. The work remained popular, becoming the most frequently printed musical work of the 18th century,<ref name="grove">Hucke, Helmut and Monson, Dale E. "{{cite Grove| id=S21325 | title=Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista}}". ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]''. Oxford University Press.</ref> and being arranged by a number of other composers, including [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], who reorchestrated and adapted it for a non-[[Marian devotions|Marian]] text in his [[cantata]] ''[[Tilge, Höchster, meine Sünden, BWV 1083|Tilge, Höchster, meine Sünden]]'' (''Root out my sins, Highest One''), [[BWV]] 1083.

Pergolesi wrote a number of secular instrumental works, including a [[violin sonata]] and a [[violin concerto]]. A considerable number of instrumental and sacred works once attributed to Pergolesi have since been shown to be misattributed. Many colourful anecdotes related by Pergolesi's 19th-century biographer [[Francesco Florimo]] were later revealed as [[hoax]]es.

Pergolesi died on 16 or 17 March 1736 at the age of 26 in [[Pozzuoli]] from [[tuberculosis]] and was buried at the [[Franciscan]] [[monastery]] one day later.

Pergolesi was the subject of a 1932 Italian film biopic ''[[Pergolesi (film)|Pergolesi]]''. It was directed by [[Guido Brignone]] with [[Elio Steiner]] playing the role of the composer.