Editing Gestapo (section)

==History==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-K0108-0501-003, Rudolf Diels.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Rudolf Diels]], first Commander of the Gestapo; 1933–1934]]

After [[Adolf Hitler]] became [[Chancellor of Germany]], [[Hermann Göring]]—future commander of the [[Luftwaffe]] and the number-two man in the [[Nazi Party]]—was named [[Interior Minister of Prussia|Interior Minister]] of [[Prussia]].{{sfn|Buchheim|1968|p=145}} This gave Göring command of the largest police force in Germany. Soon afterward, Göring detached the political and intelligence sections from the police and filled their ranks with Nazis. On 26 April 1933, Göring merged the two units as the {{lang|de|Geheime Staatspolizei}}, which was abbreviated by a post office clerk for a [[franking]] stamp and became known as the "Gestapo".{{sfn|Buchheim|1968|p=146}}{{sfn|Flaherty|2004|pp=64–65}} He originally wanted to name it the Secret Police Office ({{lang|de|Geheimes Polizeiamt}}), but the German initials, "GPA", were too similar to those of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[State Political Directorate]] ({{transliteration|ru|Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie}}, or GPU).{{sfn|Shirer|1990|p=270}}

The first commander of the Gestapo was [[Rudolf Diels]], a protégé of Göring. Diels was appointed with the title of chief of {{lang|de|Abteilung Ia}} (Department 1a) of the [[Prussian Secret Police]].{{sfn|Miller|2006|p=433}} Diels was best known as the primary interrogator of [[Marinus van der Lubbe]] after the [[Reichstag fire]]. In late 1933, the Reich Interior Minister [[Wilhelm Frick]] wanted to integrate all the police forces of the German states under his control. Göring outflanked him by removing the Prussian political and intelligence departments from the state interior ministry.{{sfn|Flaherty|2004|pp=64–66}} Göring took over the Gestapo in 1934 and urged Hitler to extend the agency's authority throughout Germany. This represented a radical departure from German tradition, which held that law enforcement was (mostly) a {{lang|de|Land}} (state) and local matter. In this, he ran into conflict with {{lang|de|[[Schutzstaffel]]}} (SS) chief [[Heinrich Himmler]] who was police chief of the second most powerful German state, [[Bavaria]]. Frick did not have the political power to take on Göring by himself so he allied with Himmler. With Frick's support, Himmler (pushed on by his right-hand man, [[Reinhard Heydrich]]) took over the political police in state after state. Soon only Prussia was left.{{sfn|Flaherty|2004|p=66}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R96954, Berlin, Hermann Göring ernennt Himmler zum Leiter der Gestapo.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Heinrich Himmler]] and [[Hermann Göring]] at the meeting to formally hand over control of the Gestapo (Berlin, 1934)]]

Concerned that Diels was not ruthless enough to effectively counteract the power of the {{lang|de|[[Sturmabteilung]]}} (SA), Göring handed over control of the Gestapo to Himmler on 20 April 1934.{{sfn|Evans|2005|p=54}} Also on that date, Hitler appointed Himmler chief of all German police outside Prussia. Heydrich, named chief of the Gestapo by Himmler on 22 April 1934, also continued as head of the SS Security Service ({{lang|de|[[Sicherheitsdienst]]}}, SD).{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=61}} Himmler and Heydrich both immediately began installing their own personnel in select positions, several of whom were directly from the [[Bavarian Political Police]], such as [[Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)|Heinrich Müller]], [[Franz Josef Huber]], and [[Josef Meisinger]].{{sfn|Tuchel|Schattenfroh|1987|p=80}} Many of the Gestapo employees in the newly established offices were young and highly educated in a wide variety of academic fields and moreover, represented a new generation of National Socialist adherents, who were hard-working, efficient, and prepared to carry the Nazi state forward through the persecution of their political opponents.{{sfn|Tuchel|Schattenfroh|1987|pp=82–83}}

By the spring of 1934, Himmler's SS controlled the SD and the Gestapo, but for him, there was still a problem, as technically the SS (and the Gestapo by proxy) was subordinated to the SA, which was under the command of [[Ernst Röhm]].{{sfn|Delarue|2008|pp=102–103}} Himmler wanted to free himself entirely from Röhm, whom he viewed as an obstacle.{{sfn|Evans|2006|p=29}} Röhm's position was menacing as more than 4.5 million men fell under his command once the [[militia]]s and veterans organisations were absorbed by the SA,{{sfn|Benz|2007|p=50}} a fact which fuelled Röhm's aspirations; his dream of fusing the SA and ''Reichswehr'' together was undermining Hitler's relationships with the leadership of Germany's armed forces.{{sfn|Burleigh|2000|p=159}} Several Nazi chieftains, among them Göring, Joseph Goebbels, Rudolf Hess, and Himmler, began a concerted campaign to convince Hitler to take action against Röhm.{{sfn|Benz|2007|p=51}} Both the SD and Gestapo released information concerning an imminent [[putsch]] by the SA.{{sfn|Benz|2007|p=53}} Once persuaded, Hitler acted by setting Himmler's SS into action, who then proceeded to murder over 100 of Hitler's identified antagonists. The Gestapo supplied the information which implicated the SA and ultimately enabled Himmler and Heydrich to emancipate themselves entirely from the organisation.{{sfn|Dams|Stolle|2014|pp=14–15}} For the Gestapo, the next two years following the [[Night of the Long Knives]], a term describing the putsch against Röhm and the SA, were characterised by "behind-the-scenes political wrangling over policing".{{sfn|Dams|Stolle|2014|p=15}}

[[File:Gestapo border inspection stamp - 1938.jpg|thumb|upright|1938 Gestapo border inspection stamp applied when leaving Germany]]

On 17 June 1936, Hitler decreed the unification of all police forces in Germany and named Himmler as Chief of German Police.{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=77}} This action effectively merged the police into the SS and removed it from Frick's control. Himmler was nominally subordinate to Frick as police chief, but as {{lang|de|Reichsführer-SS}}, he answered only to Hitler. This move also gave Himmler operational control over Germany's entire detective force.{{sfn|Longerich|2012|p=204}} The Gestapo became a national state agency. Himmler also gained authority over all of Germany's uniformed law enforcement agencies, which were amalgamated into the new {{lang|de|[[Ordnungspolizei]]}} (Orpo; Order Police), which became a national agency under SS general [[Kurt Daluege]].{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=77}} Shortly thereafter, Himmler created the {{lang|de|[[Kriminalpolizei]]}} (Kripo; Criminal Police), merging it with the Gestapo into the {{lang|de|[[Sicherheitspolizei]]}} (SiPo; Security Police), under Heydrich's command.{{sfn|Longerich|2012|p=201}} Heinrich Müller was at that time the Gestapo operations chief.{{sfn|Weale|2010|p=132}} He answered to Heydrich, Heydrich answered only to Himmler, and Himmler answered only to Hitler.{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=77}}

The Gestapo had the authority to investigate cases of [[treason]], espionage, [[sabotage]] and criminal attacks on the Nazi Party and Germany. The basic Gestapo law passed by the government in 1936 gave the Gestapo {{lang|fr|[[blank cheque|carte blanche]]}} to operate without [[judicial review]]—in effect, putting it above the law.{{sfn|Dams|Stolle|2014|p=17}} The Gestapo was specifically exempted from responsibility to administrative courts, where citizens normally could sue the state to conform to laws. As early as 1935, a Prussian administrative court had ruled that the Gestapo's actions were not subject to judicial review. The SS officer [[Werner Best]], one-time head of legal affairs in the Gestapo,{{sfn|McNab|2009|p=156}} summed up this policy by saying, "As long as the police carries out the will of the leadership, it is acting legally".{{sfn|Shirer|1990|p=271}}

On 27 September 1939, the security and police agencies of Nazi Germany—with the exception of the Order Police—were consolidated into the [[Reich Security Main Office]] (RSHA), headed by Heydrich.{{sfn|Longerich|2012|pp=469, 470}}  The Gestapo became {{lang|de|Amt IV}} (Department IV) of RSHA and Müller became the Gestapo Chief, with Heydrich as his immediate superior.{{sfn|Weale|2010|p=131}} After Heydrich's 1942 assassination, Himmler assumed the leadership of the RSHA until January 1943, when [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] was appointed chief.{{sfn|Longerich|2012|p=661}} Müller remained the Gestapo Chief. His direct subordinate [[Adolf Eichmann]] headed the Gestapo's Office of Resettlement and then its Office of Jewish Affairs ({{lang|de|Referat IV B4}} or Sub-Department IV, Section B4).{{sfn|Weale|2010|p=145}} During the Holocaust, Eichmann's department within the Gestapo coordinated the mass deportation of European Jews to the Nazis' [[extermination camps]].

The power of the Gestapo included the use of what was called, {{lang|de|[[Protective custody (Nazi Germany)|Schutzhaft]]}}—"protective custody", a [[euphemism]] for the power to imprison people without judicial proceedings.{{sfn|USHMM, "Law and Justice in the Third Reich"}} An oddity of the system was that the prisoner had to sign his own {{lang|de|Schutzhaftbefehl}}, an order declaring that the person had requested imprisonment—presumably out of fear of personal harm. In addition, [[political prisoner]]s throughout Germany—and from 1941, throughout the occupied territories under the [[Night and Fog Decree]] ({{langx|de|Nacht und Nebel}})—simply [[forced disappearance|disappeared]] while in Gestapo custody.{{sfn|Snyder|1994|p=242}} Up to 30 April 1944, at least 6,639 persons were arrested under {{lang|de|Nacht und Nebel}} orders.{{sfn|Gruchmann|1981|p=395}} However, the total number of people who disappeared as a result of this decree is not known.{{sfn|Manchester|2003|p=519}}