Editing Gertrude Stein (section)

==Early life==
[[File:GertrudeSteinBirthplace.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Stein's Birthplace]]
Stein, the youngest of a family of seven children,<ref name="f193">{{cite web | title=tat was sie tat | website=[[Der Spiegel]] | date=April 25, 1961 | url=https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/tat-was-sie-tat-a-eb1490b6-0002-0001-0000-000043160989 | language=de | access-date=April 29, 2025}}</ref><ref name="n889">{{cite web | title=Gallery One | website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | date= | url=https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2012/steins-collect/gallery-one | access-date=April 29, 2025}}</ref> was born on February 3, 1874, in [[Allegheny, Pennsylvania]] (which merged with [[Pittsburgh]] in 1907), to upper-middle-class Jewish parents, Daniel Stein and Amelia Stein, née Keyser.<ref name="Wagner-Martin">{{Cite web
| url = http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/s_z/stein/bio.htm
| title = Stein's Life and Career
| website = www.english.illinois.edu
| access-date = February 27, 2016
| last = Wagner-Martin
| first = Linda
| archive-date = December 28, 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151228222928/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/s_z/stein/bio.htm
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref name="James-1974">{{Cite book
| title = Notable American Women 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary
| last = James
| first = Edward T.
| publisher = The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
| year = 1974
| isbn = 978-0-674-62731-4
| location = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| pages = 356
}}</ref> Her father was a wealthy businessman with real estate holdings. German and English were spoken in their home.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Giroud |first1=Vincent |last2=Miller |first2=Eric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xMP7ab0fu0wC&q=gertrude+stein+spoke+german&pg=PA7 |title=Picasso and Gertrude Stein |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |date=2006 |isbn=9781588392107 }}</ref> Gertrude's siblings were: Michael (1865), Simon (1868), Bertha (1870), and Leo (1872).<ref name="encyclopedia.com-stein-gertrude"/>

[[File:Gertrude Stein age 3.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Stein at three years of age]]

When Stein was three years old, she and her family moved to [[Vienna]], and then Paris. Accompanied by governesses and tutors, the Steins endeavored to imbue their children with the cultured sensibilities of European history and life.<ref name="Crimson" /> After a year-long sojourn abroad, they returned to America in 1878, settling in [[Oakland, California]], where her father became director of San Francisco's streetcar lines, the [[Market Street Railway (1893–1944)|Market Street Railway]].<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/an-eye-for-genius-the-collections-of-gertrude-and-leo-stein-6210565/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine |last=Lubow |first=Arthur |title=An Eye for Genius: The Collections of Gertrude and Leo Stein |access-date=October 17, 2012}}</ref> Stein attended [[Temple Sinai (Oakland, California)|First Hebrew Congregation of Oakland]]'s Sabbath school.<ref name=Rosenbaum21>[[#Rosenbaum|Rosenbaum (1987)]], p. 21.</ref> During their residence in Oakland, they lived for four years on a ten-acre lot, and Stein built many memories of California there.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 31, 2012 |title=Gertrude Stein's Oakland |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/oakland-in-popular-memory_b_1560227 |access-date=January 16, 2024 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> She would often go on excursions with her brother, Leo, with whom she developed a close relationship. Stein found formal schooling in Oakland unstimulating,<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 31, 2012 |title=Gertrude Stein's Oakland |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/oakland-in-popular-memory_b_1560227 |access-date=January 16, 2024 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> but she often read [[Shakespeare]], [[Wordsworth]], [[Walter Scott|Scott]], [[Robert Burns|Burns]], [[Tobias Smollett|Smollett]], [[Henry Fielding|Fielding]], and more.<ref name="James-1974" />

When Stein was 14 years old, her mother died. Three years later, her father died as well. Stein's eldest brother, Michael Stein, age 26,<ref name="encyclopedia.com-stein-gertrude">{{cite web |last1=Ojala |first1=Jeanne A. |title=Stein, Gertrude (1874–1946) |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/stein-gertrude-1874-1946 |website=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=September 1, 2021 |quote=Jeanne A. Ojala , Professor Emerita, Department of History, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah}}</ref> then took over the family business holdings, moved his four siblings to San Francisco,<ref name="Jewish Women Encyclopedia"/> where he now was a director of the [[Market Street Railway (transit operator)|Market Street Cable Railway Company]], and in 1892 arranged for Gertrude and another sister, Bertha, to live with their mother's family in [[Baltimore]].<ref name="Mellow 1974 pp. 25">[[#Mellow|Mellow (1974)]], pp.&nbsp;25–28.</ref> Here she lived with her uncle [[David Bachrach]],<ref>{{cite web|url={{MHT url|id=895}} |date=November 21, 2008| title = David Bachrach House, Baltimore City|publisher=Maryland Historical Trust}}</ref> who in 1877 had married Gertrude's maternal aunt, Fanny Keyser.

In Baltimore, Stein met [[Claribel Cone|Claribel]] and [[Etta Cone]], who held Saturday evening [[Salon (gathering)|salons]] that she would later emulate in Paris. The Cones shared an appreciation for art and conversation about it and modeled a domestic division of labor that Stein would replicate in her relationship with [[Alice B. Toklas]].<ref name="bbc.com"/><ref>[[#Mellow|Mellow (1974)]], pp. 41–42.</ref>