Editing Georgetown, Ascension Island (section)

==Naval history==
A naval base was established at Georgetown in 1816 due to British concerns that the French might make use of the island to attempt a rescue of their exiled former Emperor.

Following Napoleon's death in 1821 (and [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]]'s [[1820|the year before]]), the settlement found a new role as a supply, maintenance and [[Victualling Commissioners|victualling]] base for the [[West Africa Squadron]]. Local [[tufa]] was used for building, but everything else had to be imported (including seeds, vegetables and fruit trees, all of which were cultivated on [[Green Mountain]] to supplement the locally-available diet of turtle meat).

By 1829, a small jetty had been constructed, as well as several buildings on what is now the Regent Square area, close to the sea (including a hospital – the West Africa Squadron was notoriously prone to sickness).<ref name=Coad2013>{{cite book|last1=Coad|first1=Jonathan|title=Support for the Fleet: architecture and engineering of the Royal Navy's bases, 1700–1914|date=2013|publisher=English Heritage|location=Swindon, UK}}</ref>

In June 1829, a Lieutenant of the Royal Engineers, Henry Brandreth, arrived on Ascension with a remit to survey the facilities there and make recommendations for their improvement. He condemned what he found as, for the most part, 'miserable tenements ... inhabited by vermin'.<ref name=heritage-amble>{{cite web|title=Heritage – Amble {{!}} Ascension Island|url=http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/heritage-amble/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622050135/http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/heritage-amble/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-06-22}}</ref> Together, with the local commandant, he recommended re-establishing the settlement a little way back from the sea, on the elevated ''plateau'' which Georgetown occupies today. Having returned to England to oversee the supply and manufacture of certain items for the island, he returned in 1830 to begin work on this project. A key innovation was the construction of St George's Water Tank, which can still be seen today: water was channelled to it from the mountain top, as well as from every roof in Georgetown, and from here it was fed by a [[windpump]] into a header tank for distribution to local buildings (and, via a pipeline, to the pierhead for transfer to ships). The Marine Barracks building also dates from this period, as do several other buildings including Georgetown's hospital, which continues to fulfil the purpose for which it was built.<ref name=heritage-amble />

The site of the old settlement, closer to the sea, was then used for storage and maintenance (the surviving Main Storehouse of 1848 was once claimed to be the largest building in the southern hemisphere).<ref name=heritage-amble /> Before long, to meet the demands of an increasingly steam-powered navy, [[Coaling station|coaling]] facilities were built, and in 1862 a 'steam factory' housing metalworkers, a machine shop and smelting works, was established.<ref name=Coad2013 />

Georgetown continued to serve as a strategic base for the Navy through the 20th century, though after 1899 the site was increasingly administered by the Eastern Telegraph Company. When in 1922 the [[Board of the Admiralty]] ceded Ascension Island to the [[Colonial Office]], an exchange of correspondence indicates that one thing its officials wished to preserve was their annual gift of [[turtle soup]] from Georgetown (an annual perquisite apparently enjoyed since 1816).<ref name=Coad2013 />

===Forts===
On 22 October 1815, [[HMS Peruvian (1808)|HMS ''Peruvian'']] and [[HMS Zenobia (1807)|HMS ''Zenobia'']] anchored in the [[roadstead]] off Georgetown to claim the island for the British Crown. Once ashore, one of the first tasks undertaken by the sailors was to set up a pair of cannons on the promontory in the harbour to provide some defence. This battery became known as Fort Cockburn (renamed in the middle of the century Fort Thornton).<ref name=heritage-amble />

A second fort was established on a site called Goat Hill further to the west in around 1860 (Fort Hayes) and a third, Fort Bedford, on the hill overlooking the town called Cross Hill. Fort Bedford, which dates from 1903, still has some Victorian cannons, as well as a pair of [[BL 5.5 inch Mark I naval gun]]s that were originally fitted to {{HMS|Hood|51|6}}. These guns were used to repel a German attack by [[German submarine U-124 (1940)|''U-124'']] on 9 December 1941 during [[World War II]] with surprisingly great success as the Germans did not approach the island again. Fort Hayes until recently housed the museum of the Ascension Island Heritage Society.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.obsidian.co.ac/ascension.html|title=Ascension Island Information|publisher=Obsidian Group Ltd|access-date=28 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702161157/http://www.obsidian.co.ac/ascension.html|archive-date=2 July 2013|url-status=dead}}.</ref>