Editing Geography of Brunei (section)

== Climate ==
{{See also|Brunei#Climate|l1=Climate}}

A [[tropical climate]] with [[Humidity|high humidity]] prevails in Brunei. Typically, the entire nation experiences the same [[climate]]. The entire year is hot in the country. The [[monsoon winds]] and other wind systems in the area brought on by the distribution of [[Atmospheric pressure|air pressure]] in [[Southeast Asia]], as well as the location on [[Borneo]]'s northwest coast, which lies in the equatorial tropics, all have an impact on the climate. ITCZ ([[Intertropical Convergence Zone]]) is the name given to the low pressure trough that occurs around the [[equator]]. Areas in the subtropics on both [[Hemispheres of Earth|hemispheres]], however, experience high pressure, resulting in a pressure difference. This is due to air masses from the southern and northern hemispheres meet in this region, causing major climate shifts, the Intertropical Convergence Zone is crucial.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-03-25 |title=The Climate of Brunei |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-type-of-climate-does-brunei-have.html |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}</ref>

It's vital that the ITCZ's position typically oscillates based on the sun's zenithal position and is not always fixed. The magnitude of the latitudinal oscillation is reduced to roughly half that of the sun because of the movement's two-month delay. There are two distinct seasons in the nation that are separated by two transitional phases as a result of the ITCZ's shifting location throughout the year and the associated [[trade winds]]. The [[South China Sea]] and Borneo are substantially impacted by [[northeast monsoon]] winds that recurve via the Inter-Tropical Convergence zone to become northwesterly winds that blow across Indonesia between December and March. The ITCZ's typical location is between latitudes 50S and 100S when it migrated south across Brunei and Borneo in late December, a time period known as the Northeast Monsoon.<ref name=":0" />

In Brunei [[forest cover]] is around 72% of the total land area, equivalent to 380,000 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 413,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 374,740 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 5,260 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 69% was reported to be [[primary forest]] (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 5% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under [[State ownership|public ownership]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023}}</ref>

The Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone, which is positioned east of the [[Philippines]] around latitude 150N between June and September, transforms into a monsoon trough to the west. The Southwest Monsoon is created by southeast trade winds that originate in the southern hemisphere and recurve on the equator. The northeast monsoon dominates from December to March whereas the southwest monsoon blows from May to September. Transitional months are recognized as April, October, and November.<ref name=":0" />

The [[municipality]] of [[Bandar Seri Begawan]]'s climate is tropical equatorial with two seasons. [[Dry season]] is extremely hot ({{convert|24|to|36|C|F|1|abbr=on|disp=or}}). [[Wet season|Wet or rainy season]] is generally warm and wet ({{convert|20|to|28|C|F|1|abbr=on|disp=or}}).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Makowski |first1=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkJmDwAAQBAJ&dq=Brunei+dry+season&pg=PA461 |title=Impacts of Invasive Species on Coastal Environments: Coasts in Crisis |last2=Finkl |first2=Charles W. |date=2018-07-24 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-91382-7 |pages=461 |language=en}}</ref> Most of the country is a flat [[coastal plain]] with [[Mountain|mountains]] in the east and [[Hill|hilly]] [[lowland]] in the west. The lowest point is at [[sea level]] and the highest is [[Bukit Pagon]] ({{convert|1850|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JeQgfyJ5FLgC&dq=bukit+pagon+1850+m&pg=PA96 |title=The World Factbook 2009 |date=2009 |publisher=Government Printing Office |isbn=978-0-16-087359-1 |pages=86 |language=en}}</ref> The climatic regions of the country is as follows:<ref name=":1" />
*[[Brunei-Muara District]] and [[Bandar Seri Begawan]] are humid tropical on the coast and lower elevation north and Humid subtropical in central Brunei-Muara District. ({{convert|20|to|36|C|F|abbr=on|disp=or}})
*[[Tutong District]] is tropical, hot in the north and warm in the south. ({{convert|22|to|32|C|F|1|abbr=on|disp=or}})
*[[Belait District]] is tropical, hot in the north and slightly warm in the south. ({{convert|25|to|37|C|F|1|abbr=on|disp=or}})
*[[Temburong District]] is [[humid subtropical]] in the higher elevation south and humid tropical on the coast and lower elevation north. ({{convert|18|to|29|C|F|abbr=on|disp=or}})

{{Weather box
|location = Bandar Seri Begawan ([[Brunei Airport]])
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|collapsed = 
|Jan record high C = 34.1
|Feb record high C = 35.3
|Mar record high C = 38.3
|Apr record high C = 37.6
|May record high C = 36.4
|Jun record high C = 36.2
|Jul record high C = 36.2
|Aug record high C = 37.6
|Sep record high C = 36.0
|Oct record high C = 35.3
|Nov record high C = 34.9
|Dec record high C = 36.2
|year record high C = 38.3
|Jan high C = 30.4
|Feb high C = 30.7
|Mar high C = 31.9
|Apr high C = 32.5
|May high C = 32.6
|Jun high C = 32.5
|Jul high C = 32.3
|Aug high C = 32.4
|Sep high C = 32.0
|Oct high C = 31.6
|Nov high C = 31.4
|Dec high C = 31.0
|year high C = 31.8
|Jan low C = 23.3
|Feb low C = 23.3
|Mar low C = 23.5
|Apr low C = 23.7
|May low C = 23.7
|Jun low C = 23.4
|Jul low C = 23.0
|Aug low C = 23.1
|Sep low C = 23.1
|Oct low C = 23.2
|Nov low C = 23.2
|Dec low C = 23.2
|year low C = 23.3
|Jan record low C = 18.4
|Feb record low C = 18.9
|Mar record low C = 19.4
|Apr record low C = 20.5
|May record low C = 20.3
|Jun record low C = 19.2
|Jul record low C = 19.1
|Aug record low C = 19.4
|Sep record low C = 19.6
|Oct record low C = 20.5
|Nov record low C = 18.8
|Dec record low C = 19.5
|year record low C = 18.4
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 292.6
|Feb rain mm = 158.9
|Mar rain mm = 118.7
|Apr rain mm = 189.4
|May rain mm = 234.9
|Jun rain mm = 210.1
|Jul rain mm = 225.9
|Aug rain mm = 226.6
|Sep rain mm = 264.4
|Oct rain mm = 312.3
|Nov rain mm = 339.9
|Dec rain mm = 339.6
|year rain mm = 2913.3
|Jan rain days = 16
|Feb rain days = 12
|Mar rain days = 11
|Apr rain days = 16
|May rain days = 18
|Jun rain days = 16
|Jul rain days = 16
|Aug rain days = 16
|Sep rain days = 19
|Oct rain days = 21
|Nov rain days = 23
|Dec rain days = 21
|Jan humidity = 86
|Feb humidity = 85
|Mar humidity = 84
|Apr humidity = 84
|May humidity = 85
|Jun humidity = 84
|Jul humidity = 84
|Aug humidity = 83
|Sep humidity = 84
|Oct humidity = 85
|Nov humidity = 86
|Dec humidity = 86
|year humidity = 85
|Jan sun = 196
|Feb sun = 191
|Mar sun = 225
|Apr sun = 239
|May sun = 236
|Jun sun = 210
|Jul sun = 222
|Aug sun = 218
|Sep sun = 199
|Oct sun = 206
|Nov sun = 205
|Dec sun = 211
|year sun = 2558
|source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organisation]],<ref>
{{cite web
| title = World Weather Information Service – Bandar Seri Begawan
| url = http://www.worldweather.org/023/c00095.htm
| publisher = World Meteorological Organisation
| access-date = 14 May 2010}}</ref> [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (extremes, 1971–2012 and humidity, 1972–1990)<ref name = DWD>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_963150_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Bandar Seri Begawan (Int. Flugh.) / Brunei
| work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = de
| access-date = 22 November 2016}}</ref>
|source 2 = NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__V/BP/96315.TXT
| title = Brunei Darussalam Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 29 November 2013}}</ref>
|date = August 2010
}}