Editing Gay panic defense (section)

== History ==
The gay panic defense grew out of a combination of legal defenses from the mid-nineteenth century and a mental disorder described in the early twentieth, seeking to apply the legal framework of the temporary insanity defense, provocation defense, or self-defense, often by using the mental condition of "[[homosexual panic disorder]]".

=== Homosexual panic disorder ===
{{Main|Homosexual panic}}

Homosexual panic seen as a mental health disorder is distinct from the homosexual panic defense within the legal system.  Whereas homosexual panic disorder was at one point considered a diagnosable medical condition, the legal defense implies only a temporary loss of self-control.<ref name="LGBT Bar">{{cite web |title=Gay and Trans Panic Defense |url=http://lgbtbar.org/what-we-do/programs/gay-and-trans-panic-defense/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127005247/https://lgbtbar.org/what-we-do/programs/gay-and-trans-panic-defense/ |archive-date=2019-01-27 |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=The LGBT Bar}}</ref>

[[Edward John Kempf|Edward J. Kempf]], a psychiatrist,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/14/archives/edrdj-kmpf-l-pychia-trit-86-pioneer-in-psychosomici.html | title=Edward J. Kempf, Psychiatrist, 86 | newspaper=The New York Times | date=December 14, 1971 | access-date=July 5, 2022 | archive-date=July 5, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191344/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/14/archives/edrdj-kmpf-l-pychia-trit-86-pioneer-in-psychosomici.html | url-status=live }}</ref> coined the term "[[homosexual panic]]" in 1920. He identified it as a condition of "panic due to the pressure of uncontrollable [[perverse]] sexual cravings",<ref name="Kempf">{{cite book |last1=Kempf |first1=Edward |title= Psychopathology |date=1920|pages=477–515 |doi=10.1037/10580-010 |chapter=The psychopathology of the acute homosexual panic. Acute pernicious dissociation neuroses}}</ref> and classified it as an acute pernicious [[dissociative disorder]], meaning that it involved a disruption in typical perception and memory functions.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}  Kempf identified the condition during and after World War I at [[St. Elizabeths Hospital]] in Washington, D.C.<ref name="Suffredini-2014">{{cite web |last1=Suffredini |first1=Kasey |title=Pride and Prejudice: The Homosexual Panic Defense |url=https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/schools/law/lawreviews/journals/bctwj/21_2/03_FMS.htm |website=Boston College Law School |publisher=Boston College |access-date=2019-06-02 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308090714/https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/schools/law/lawreviews/journals/bctwj/21_2/03_FMS.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The disorder was briefly included in [[DSM-1]] as a supplementary term in Appendix C<ref name="DSM-1">{{cite book |last1=American Psychiatric Association |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual |date=1952 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association Mental Hospital Service |location=Washington, D.C. |page=121 |edition=1}}</ref> but did not appear in any subsequent editions of DSM and thus is not considered a diagnosable condition by the [[American Psychiatric Association]].<ref name="DSM">{{cite web |title=DSM |url=http://www.psychiatry.org/practice/dsm |website=American Psychiatric Association |access-date=2020-12-19 |archive-date=2015-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819083050/http://www.psychiatry.org/practice/dsm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Unlike the legal defense created later and named after it, the onset of the condition was not attributed to unwanted homosexual advances.  Rather, Kempf stated that it was caused by the individual's own "aroused homosexual cravings".<ref name=Glick>{{cite journal |last1=Glick |first1=Burton |title=Homosexual Panic: Clinical and Theoretical Considerations |journal=Nervous and Mental Disease |date=1959 |volume=129 |pages=20–8 |pmid=13828460 |doi=10.1097/00005053-195907000-00003|s2cid=615775 }}</ref>

=== Types of defenses ===
The gay panic defense strategy usually falls into three categories of defenses: the [[Provocation (legal)|provocation]] defense, [[Self-defense|self defense]] (including [[imperfect self defense]]) and [[Insanity defense|insanity]] based defenses (including temporary insanity, [[irresistible impulse]], and [[diminished responsibility]]).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-12-01/gay-panic-defence-abolished-by-sa-parliament/12940296|title=South Australia becomes final state to abolish 'gay panic' murder defence|newspaper=ABC News|date=December 1, 2020|via=www.abc.net.au|access-date=2021-08-12|archive-date=2020-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202024328/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-12-01/gay-panic-defence-abolished-by-sa-parliament/12940296|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://lgbtqbar.org/programs/advocacy/gay-trans-panic-defense/|title=LGBTQ+ "Panic" Defense|access-date=2023-05-03|archive-date=2023-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505210923/https://lgbtqbar.org/programs/advocacy/gay-trans-panic-defense/|url-status=live}}</ref> The gay panic defense is not a stand-alone defense, but rather a legal tactic used by the defense which seeks to obtain an acquittal, a mitigated sentence, or a conviction of a lesser offense.<ref name="auto"/>

The defense is commonly defined by the attempt to shift the blame onto the victim's sexual orientation or gender identity of the victim as a form of [[victim blaming]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/member-features/gay-trans-panic-defense/|title=The Gay/Trans Panic Defense: What It is, and How to End It|date=31 March 2020|access-date=10 October 2024|website=[[American Bar Association]]}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0886260517713713|title=The Gay Panic Defense: Legal Defense Strategy or Reinforcement of Homophobia in Court?|date=2020|access-date=10 October 2024|journal=[[Journal of Interpersonal Violence]]|volume=35|issue=21–22|doi=10.1177/0886260517713713|last1=Tomei|first1=J.|last2= Cramer|first2=R. J.|last3=Boccaccini|first3=M. T.|last4=Panza|first4=N. R.|pages=4239–4261 |pmid=29294790 }}</ref>