Editing Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis (section)

==Biography==
{{more citations needed|section|date=May 2017}}
Coriolis was born in [[Paris]] in 1792. In 1808 he sat the entrance exam  and was placed second of all the students entering that year, and in 1816, he became a tutor at the [[École Polytechnique]], where he did experiments on [[friction]] and [[hydraulics]].
[[File:Coriolis-2.jpg|left|thumb|236x236px|Title page of an 1829 copy of "''Du Calcul de L'Effet Des Machines''"]]
In 1829, Coriolis published a textbook, ''Calcul de l'Effet des Machines'' ("Calculation of the Effect of Machines"), which presented mechanics in a way that could readily be applied by industry. He established the correct expression for kinetic energy, ''½mv<sup>2</sup>'', and its relation to [[mechanical work]].

During the following years, Coriolis worked to extend the notions of kinetic energy and work to rotating systems.<ref name=Gillespie>{{cite book |title=Science and Polity in France: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Years |page= 693 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k07JbSAa6wQC&q=%22%C3%89cole+des+Ponts+and+Chauss%C3%A9es%22&pg=PA522 |author=Charles Coulston Gillispie |isbn=0-691-11541-9 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2004}}</ref> The first of his papers, ''Sur le principe des forces vives dans les mouvements relatifs des machines'' (On the principle of kinetic energy in the relative motion in machines),<ref name=machines>{{cite journal |journal=Journal de l'École Royale Polytechnique |title=Sur le principe des forces vives dans les mouvements relatifs des machines |volume=13 |pages=268–302 |year=1832|author=G-G Coriolis}}</ref> was read to the Académie des Sciences (Coriolis 1832). Three years later came the paper that would make his name famous, ''Sur les équations du mouvement relatif des systèmes de corps'' (On the equations of relative motion of a system of bodies).<ref name=corps>{{cite journal |author=G-G Coriolis |title=Sur les équations du mouvement relatif des systèmes de corps |journal= Journal de l'École Royale Polytechnique |volume=15 |pages= 144–154 |year=1835}}</ref> Coriolis's papers do not deal with the atmosphere or even the rotation of the Earth, but with the transfer of energy in rotating systems like waterwheels. Coriolis discussed the supplementary forces that are detected in a rotating frame of reference and he divided these forces into two categories. The second category contained the force that would eventually bear his name. A detailed discussion may be found in Dugas.<ref name=Dugas>{{cite book |title=A History of Mechanics |page= 374|author=Rene Dugas  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vPT-JubW-7QC&q=Coriolis+%22Academie+des+sciences%22&pg=PA374 |editor=translated by J. R. Maddox |edition=Reprint of 1955 |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |isbn=0-486-65632-2 |year=1988}}</ref>

In 1835, he published a mathematical work on collisions of spheres: ''Théorie Mathématique des Effets du Jeu de Billard'', considered a classic on the subject.<ref name=Byrne>{{cite book |title=Byrne's Advanced Technique in Pool and Billiards |author=Robert Byrne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tA_v24zx7J8C&q=%22Gaspard-Gustave+Coriolis%22&pg=PT64
| isbn=0-15-614971-0 |year=1990 |page=49 |publisher=Harcourt Trade   }}</ref><ref name=Coriolis>{{cite book |title=Théorie mathématique des effets du jeu de billard; suivi des deux celebres memoires publiés en 1832 et 1835 dans le ''Journal de l'École Polytechnique'': Sur le principe des forces vives dans les mouvements relatifs des machines & Sur les équations du mouvement relatif des systèmes de corps |isbn=2-87647-081-0 |author=G Coriolis |publisher=Éditions Jacques Gabay |year=1990|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29318f.notice |edition=Originally published by Carilian-Goeury, 1835 }}</ref>

Coriolis's name began to appear in the meteorological literature at the end of the 19th century, although the term "[[Coriolis force]]" was not used until the beginning of the 20th century. Today, the name Coriolis has become strongly associated with meteorology, but all major discoveries about the general circulation and the relation between the pressure and wind fields were made without knowledge about Gaspard Gustave Coriolis.

Coriolis became professor of mechanics at the [[École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures]] in 1829. Upon the death of [[Claude-Louis Navier]] in 1836, Coriolis succeeded him in the chair of applied mechanics at the [[École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées]] and to Navier's place in the [[Académie des Sciences]].<ref name=Grattan-Guinness>{{cite book |author=Ivor Grattan-Guinness |page= 1052 |publisher=Birkhäuser |year=1990 |title=Convolutions in French Mathematics, 1800–1840: From the Calculus and Mechanics to Mathematical Analysis and Mathematical Physics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GgioErrbW8C&q=Coriolis+%22Academie+des+sciences%22&pg=PA1265 |isbn=3-7643-2238-1  }}</ref> In 1838, he succeeded [[Pierre Louis Dulong|Dulong]] as ''Directeur des études'' (director of studies) in the [[École Polytechnique]].

He died in 1843 at the age of 51 in [[Paris]]. His name is one of the [[List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower|72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower]].<gallery>
File:Coriolis-1.jpg|1829 copy of "''Du Calcul de L'Effet Des Machines''"
File:Coriolis-3.jpg|Introductory page of an 1829 copy of "''Du Calcul de L'Effet Des Machines''"
File:Coriolis-4.jpg|First page of an 1829 copy of "''Du Calcul de L'Effet Des Machines''"
</gallery>