Editing Gas turbine (section)

==Timeline of development==
[[File:John Barber's gas turbine.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Sketch of John Barber's gas turbine, from his patent]]

*50: Earliest records of [[Hero of Alexandria|Hero's]] engine (''[[aeolipile]]''). It most likely served no practical purpose, and was rather more of a curiosity; nonetheless, it demonstrated an important principle of physics that all modern turbine engines rely on.<ref name=":SY1">{{Cite book| title= Gas Turbine Powerhouse|last=Eckardt |first=Dietrich |date=2014 |chapter =3.2 Early Attempts with the Gas Turbine Principle|publisher=Oldenbourg Verlag Munchen|language=en| isbn=9783486735710}}</ref>
*1000: The "Trotting Horse Lamp" ({{lang-zh|c=走马灯}}, ''zŏumădēng'') was used by the Chinese at lantern fairs as early as the [[Northern Song dynasty]]. When the lamp is lit, the heated airflow rises and drives an impeller with horse-riding figures attached on it, whose shadows are then projected onto the outer screen of the lantern.<ref>{{cite book |first1=B. |last1=Zhang |editor1-last=Lu |editor1-first=Yongxiang |title=A History of Chinese Science and Technology: Volume 3 |date=14 December 2014 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3662441626 |pages=308–310 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Js_lBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA310}}</ref>
*1500: The ''[[Smoke jack]]'' was drawn by [[Leonardo da Vinci]]: Hot air from a fire rises through a single-stage axial turbine rotor mounted in the exhaust duct of the fireplace and turns the roasting spit by gear-chain connection.
*1791: A patent was given to [[John Barber (engineer)|John Barber]], an Englishman, for the first true gas turbine. His invention had most of the elements present in the modern day gas turbines. The turbine was designed to power a [[horseless carriage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/labs/gtl/early_GT_history.html |title=Massachusetts Institute of Technology Gas Turbine Lab |publisher=Web.mit.edu |date=27 August 1939 |access-date=13 August 2012}}</ref><ref>UK patent no. 1833 – Obtaining and Applying Motive Power, & c. A Method of Rising Inflammable Air for the Purposes of Procuring Motion, and Facilitating Metallurgical Operations</ref>
*1894: Sir [[Charles Algernon Parsons|Charles Parsons]] patented the idea of propelling a ship with a [[steam turbine]], and built a demonstration vessel, the ''[[Turbinia]]'', easily the fastest vessel afloat at the time.
*1899: [[Charles Gordon Curtis]] patented the first gas turbine engine in the US.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asme.org/Communities/History/Resources/Curtis_Charles_Gordon.cfm |title=History – Biographies, Landmarks, Patents |publisher=ASME |date=10 March 1905 |access-date=13 August 2012}}</ref>
*1900: [[Sanford Alexander Moss]] submitted a thesis on gas turbines. In 1903, Moss became an engineer for [[General Electric]]'s Steam Turbine Department in [[Lynn, Massachusetts]].<ref name="Leyes">Leyes, p.231-232.</ref> While there, he applied some of his concepts in the development of the [[turbocharger]].<ref name="Leyes"/>
*1903: A Norwegian, [[Ægidius Elling]], built the first gas turbine that was able to produce more power than needed to run its own components, which was considered an achievement in a time when knowledge about aerodynamics was limited. Using rotary compressors and turbines it produced {{cvt|11|hp|kW|order=flip|0}}.<ref name="ASMEAElling">Bakken, Lars E et al., p.83-88. "Centenary of the First Gas Turbine to Give Net Power Output: A Tribute to Ægidius Elling". ASME. 2004</ref>
*1904: A gas turbine engine designed by [[Franz Stolze]], based on his earlier 1873 patent application, is built and tested in Berlin.  The Stolze gas turbine was too inefficient to sustain its own operation.<ref name=":SY1"/>
*1906: The [[Armengaud-Lemale gas turbine]] tested in France.  This was a relatively large machine which included a 25-stage centrifugal compressor designed by [[Auguste Rateau]] and built by the [[Brown Boveri Company]]. The gas turbine could sustain its own air compression but was too inefficient to produce useful work.<ref name=":SY1"/>
*1910: The first operational [[Holzwarth gas turbine]] (pulse combustion) achieves an output of {{cvt|150|kW|hp|round=5}}. Planned output of the machine was {{cvt|1,000|hp|kW|round=50|order=flip}} and its efficiency is below that of contemporary reciprocating engines.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eckardt |first=Dietrich |title=Jet Web |date=2022 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783658385309 |pages=27}}</ref>
*1920s The practical theory of gas flow through passages was developed into the more formal (and applicable to turbines) theory of gas flow past airfoils by [[Alan Arnold Griffith|A. A. Griffith]] resulting in the publishing in 1926 of ''An Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design''. Working testbed designs of axial turbines suitable for driving a propeller were [[Turbojet development at the RAE|developed by the Royal Aeronautical Establishment]].<ref name=":SY2">{{cite journal |last1=Armstrong |first1=F.W |date=2020 |title=Farnborough and the Beginnings of Gas Turbine Propulsion |url=https://www.aerosociety.com/media/13850/paper-2020-02-armstrong-gas-turbines.pdf|journal=Journal of Aeronautical History|publisher=Royal Aeronautical Society}}</ref>
*1930: Having found no interest from the RAF for his idea, [[Frank Whittle]] patented<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frankwhittle.co.uk/content.php?act=viewDoc&docId=4&docFatherId=1&level=sub|title=Welcome to the Frank Whittle Website|website=www.frankwhittle.co.uk|access-date=22 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213182253/http://www.frankwhittle.co.uk/content.php?act=viewDoc&docId=4&docFatherId=1&level=sub|archive-date=13 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> the design for a centrifugal gas turbine for [[jet propulsion]]. The first successful test run of his engine occurred in England in April 1937.<ref>{{cite book |title=The CRC Handbook of Mechanical Engineering |edition= Second |editor-first=Frank |editor-last=Kreith |isbn=978-0-8493-9418-8 |page= 222 |year=1998 |publisher=CRC Press |location=US}}</ref>
*1932: The [[Brown Boveri Company]] of Switzerland starts selling [[axial compressor]] and turbine turbosets as part of the turbocharged steam generating [[Velox boiler]]. Following the gas turbine principle, the steam [[evaporation]] tubes are arranged within the gas turbine combustion chamber; the first Velox plant is erected at a French [[Steel mill]] in [[Mondeville, Calvados]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/fem/pdf/in-touch-magazin2005.pdf |title=University of Bochum "In Touch Magazine 2005", p. 5 |access-date=13 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313093034/http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/fem/pdf/in-touch-magazin2005.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*1936: The first constant flow industrial gas turbine is commissioned by the Brown Boveri Company and goes into service at [[Sunoco|Sun Oil]]'s [[Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania|Marcus Hook]] refinery in [[Pennsylvania]], US.<ref name=":SY4">{{Cite book| title=Introduction to Gas Turbine Theory|last1=Brun|first1=Klaus|last2=Kurz|first2= Rainer|date=2019|publisher=Solar Turbines Incorporated|pages=15|edition= 4|language=en|isbn=978-0-578-48386-3}}</ref> 
*1937: Working proof-of-concept prototype turbojet engine runs in UK (Frank Whittle's) and Germany ([[Hans von Ohain]]'s [[Heinkel HeS 1]]). [[Henry Tizard]] secures UK government funding for further development of ''Power Jets'' engine.<ref name="JETbook">John Golley. 1996. "Jet: Frank Whittle and the invention of the jet engine". {{ISBN|978-1-907472-00-8}}</ref>
*1939: The First 4 MW utility power generation gas turbine is built by the Brown Boveri Company for an [[Neuchâtel gas turbine|emergency power station in Neuchâtel, Switzerland]].<ref>Eckardt, D. and Rufli, P. "Advanced Gas Turbine Technology – ABB/ BBC Historical Firsts", ASME J. Eng. Gas Turb. Power, 2002, p. 124, 542–549</ref> The turbojet powered [[Heinkel He 178]], the world's first jet aircraft, makes its first flight.
*1940: [[Jendrassik Cs-1]], a [[turboprop]] engine, made its first bench run. The Cs-1 was designed by Hungarian engineer [[György Jendrassik]], and was intended to power a Hungarian twin-engine heavy fighter, the RMI-1. Work on the Cs-1 stopped in 1941 without the type having powered any aircraft.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eckardt |first=Dietrich |title=Jet Web |date=2022 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-658-38531-6 |location=Wiesbaden, Germany |pages=399 |chapter=Early Turbojet Developments in the USA and Other Countries}}</ref> 
*1944: The [[Junkers Jumo 004]] engine enters full production, powering the first German military jets such as the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]]. This marks the beginning of the reign of gas turbines in the sky.
*1946: [[National Gas Turbine Establishment]] formed from Power Jets and the RAE turbine division to bring together Whittle and [[Hayne Constant]]'s work.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWopDQAAQBAJ&q=%3A+national+gas+turbine+establishment+whittle+and+hayne+constant&pg=PA181|title=Making Jet Engines in World War II: Britain, Germany, and the United States|last=Giffard|first=Hermione|date=2016-10-10|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-38859-5|language=en}}</ref> In [[Beznau Nuclear Power Plant|Beznau]], Switzerland the first commercial reheated/recuperated unit generating 27 MW was commissioned.<ref>Eckardt, D. "Gas Turbine Powerhouse". 2014. {{ISBN|978-3-11-035962-6}}</ref>
*1947: A [[Metropolitan-Vickers|Metropolitan Vickers]] G1 (Gatric) becomes the first marine gas turbine when it completes sea trials on the [[Motor gunboat|Royal Navy's M.G.B 2009 vessel]]. The Gatric was an aeroderivative gas turbine based on the [[Metropolitan-Vickers F.2|Metropolitan Vickers F2]] jet engine.<ref>{{cite news|title=Post War Advances in Propulsion| url=https://login.thetimes.com/?gotoUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.com%2Farchive%2Farticle%2F1953-06-15%2F20%2F2.html | work=[[The Times]]| page=20| date=15 June 1953|access-date=8 Jan 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report|title=The Marine Gas Turbine-The UK Provides a Case Study in Technological Development|last=Nunn|first=Robert H|date=25 February 1977|publisher=US Office of Naval Research|pages=5|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a037686.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419065804/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a037686.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> 
*1995: [[Siemens]] becomes the first manufacturer of large electricity producing gas turbines to incorporate [[single crystal]] [[turbine blade]] technology into their production models, allowing higher operating temperatures and greater efficiency.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.americanscientist.org/article/each-blade-a-single-crystal |title=Each Blade a Single Crystal |work=American Scientist |first=Lee S. |last=Langston |access-date=2019-01-25|date=6 February 2017 }}</ref>
*2011: [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]] tests the first >60% efficiency [[combined cycle]] gas turbine (the M501J) at its Takasago, Hyōgo, works.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mhi-global.com/company/technology/review/pdf/e491/e491018.pdf |title=Test Results of the World's First 1,600C J-series Gas Turbine |first=Satoshi |last=Hada |access-date=15 October 2015 |display-authors=etal |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016100414/https://www.mhi-global.com/company/technology/review/pdf/e491/e491018.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cospp.com/articles/print/volume-11/issue-3/features/gas-turbines-breaking.html |title=Gas Turbines breaking the 60% efficiency barrier |website=Cogeneration & On-Site Power Production |date=5 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930233542/http://www.cospp.com/articles/print/volume-11/issue-3/features/gas-turbines-breaking.html |archive-date=2013-09-30}}</ref>
*2019: [[Doosan Enerbility]] began developing a large gas turbine for power generation in 2013 and completed development in 2019. A model was installed at a Gimpo Combined Heat and Power Plant in 2023 and began commercial operation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 May 2023 |title=Korean firms thrive amid global power equipment demand surge |url=https://www.chosun.com/english/industry-en/2024/05/15/45XULBFQJJFAFMERJXS76PMIKY/ |work=[[Chosun Ilbo]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2024 |title=Doosan Enerbility's Park Ji-won wins energy award for contributions to Korea's power industry |url=https://biz.chosun.com/en/en-industry/2024/12/15/7WWJ2INAPBEI7HJB5264S2VLPA/ |work=[[Chosun Biz]]}}</ref>