Editing Gas chamber (section)

==History==
[[Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau|General Rochambeau]] developed a rudimentary method in 1803, during the [[Haitian Revolution]], filling ships' cargo holds with [[sulfur dioxide]] to suffocate prisoners of war.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mobley |first1=Christina |title=A War Within the War |url=http://islandluminous.fiu.edu/part02-slide11.html |website=Haiti: An Island Luminous |publisher=[[Duke University]] |access-date=25 Apr 2020 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731234022/http://islandluminous.fiu.edu/part02-slide11.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Boot |first1=Max |title=Invisible Armies: An Epic History of Guerrilla Warfare from Ancient Times to the Present |date=15 Jan 2013 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |location=New York |isbn=978-0-87140-424-4 |page=99 |edition=hardcover 1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zd-vKJ9RTQoC&pg=PA99 |access-date=25 Apr 2020}}</ref> The scale of these operations was brought to larger public attention in the book ''[[Napoleon's Crimes]]'' (2005), although the allegations of scale and sources were heavily questioned.

In America, the utilization of a gas chamber was first proposed by [[Allan McLane Hamilton]] to the state of Nevada.<ref name="Sinclair Sinclair Prejean 2011 p. 27">{{cite book |last1=Sinclair |first1=B.W. |last2=Sinclair |first2=J. |last3=Prejean |first3=H. |title=Capital Punishment: An Indictment by a Death-Row Survivor |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-62872-134-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlmCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT27 |access-date=2022-10-12 |page=27}}</ref><ref name="Engel 2016 p. 160">{{cite book |last=Engel |first=H. |title=Lord High Executioner: An Unashamed Look at Hangmen, Headsmen, and Their Kind |publisher=Open Road Media |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-5040-3149-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDBeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT160 |access-date=2022-10-12 |page=160}}</ref><ref name="Hansen Hansen 2022 p. 435">{{cite book |last1=Hansen |first1=L.L. |last2=Hansen |first2=L.P. |title=Intro Penology & Corrections - 1E |publisher=Aspen Publishing |series=Aspen Paralegal Series |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-5438-4635-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEeJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA435 |access-date=2022-10-12 |page=435}}</ref><ref name="Riddle Loyd Branham Thomas 2012 p. 63">{{cite book |last1=Riddle |first1=J.E. |last2=Loyd |first2=S.M. |last3=Branham |first3=S.L. |last4=Thomas |first4=C. |title=Nevada State Prison |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |series=Images of America |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-7385-8545-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dbCOgM2nHQC&pg=PA63 |language=et |access-date=2022-10-12 |page=63}}</ref> Since then, gas chambers have been used as a method of execution of condemned prisoners in the United States and continue to be a legal execution method in three states, seeing [[nitrogen asphyxiation|legislated reintroduction with inert N<sub>2</sub>]], although redundant in practice since the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/methods-execution |title=Methods of Execution |publisher=Death Penalty Information Center |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225054450/http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/methods-execution |archive-date=2011-02-25}}</ref>

[[Lithuania]] used gas chambers for civilian, penal use in the 1930s, with the last known execution carried out in 1940. The [[Soviet Union]] allegedly used the method to perform executions during the [[Great Purge]], including by use of [[gas van]]s.<ref>[[Catherine Merridale]]. ''Night of Stone: Death and Memory in Twentieth-Century Russia''. [[Penguin Books]], 2002 {{ISBN|0-14-200063-9}} p. 200</ref> Prisoners were gassed on the way to the [[Butovo firing range]], where the [[NKVD]] normally executed its prisoners by shooting them.<ref>[[Timothy J. Colton]]. ''Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis''. [[Belknap Press]], 1998, {{ISBN|0-674-58749-9}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lXM2H6tWHskC&dq=gas+chamber+butovo&pg=PA286 p. 286] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927114956/https://books.google.com/books?id=lXM2H6tWHskC&pg=PA286&dq=gas%20chamber%20butovo&ei=bTrHSpm3EJeIyQSl6p32Aw#v=onepage&q=gas%20chamber%20butovo&f=false |date=2019-09-27}}</ref><ref>Yevgenia Albats: ''KGB: The State Within a State. The secret police and its hold on Russia's past, present and future''. (International Affairs, Vol. 72). London: Tauris, 1995, p. 101.</ref><ref name="Kizny236">Tomasz Kizny, Dominique Roynette. ''La grande terreur en URSS 1937–1938''. Lausanne: Éd. Noir sur Blanc, 2013, p. 236.</ref><ref>[[Henry Friedlander]]. ''The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995, {{ISBN|978-0-8078-2208-1}}, p. 139.</ref> None of these saw mass use, however, and were strictly for "criminal" purposes.

Most notably, during [[the Holocaust]] large-scale gas chambers designed for mass killing were used by [[Nazi Germany]] from the late 1930s, as part of the ''[[Aktion T4]]'', and later for its [[genocide]] program.

More recently, escapees from [[North Korea]] have alleged executions to have been performed by gas chamber in prison camps, often combined with [[medical experimentation]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/feb/01/northkorea|title=Revealed: The gas chamber horror of North Korea's gulag|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=February 2004|access-date=2022-01-25|archive-date=2018-03-14|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180314200443/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/feb/01/northkorea|url-status=live}}</ref>