Editing Galvanism (section)

==History==

=== Johann Georg Sulzer ===
[[File:Johann Georg Sulzer c. 1780.jpg|thumb|206x206px|Johann Georg Sulzer]]
Galvanic phenomena were described in the literature before it was understood that they were of an electrical nature. In 1752, when the Swiss mathematician and physicist [[Johann Georg Sulzer]] placed his tongue between a piece of lead and a piece of silver, joined at their edges, he perceived a taste similar to that of [[iron(II) sulfate]]. Neither of the metals alone produced this taste. He realized that the contact between the metals probably did not produce a solution of either on the tongue. He did, however, not realize that this was an electrical phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Whittaker |first=Edmund Taylor |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_History_of_the_Theories_of_Aether_and_Electricity/Chapter_3#68 |title=A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity: From the Age of Descartes to the Close of the Nineteenth Century |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co |year=1910 |series=(Dublin University Press Series) |pages=67}}</ref> He concluded that the contact between the metals caused their particles to vibrate, producing this taste by stimulating the nerves of the tongue.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sulzer |first=Johann Georg |url=https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Histoire_de_l'Académie_Royale#1754 |title=Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et des Belles-Lettres de Berlin 1752 |year=1754 |pages=356 |chapter=Recherches sur l'origine des sentimens agréables et désagréables: Troisième partie. Des plaisirs des sens |chapter-url=https://digilib.bbaw.de/digilib/digilib.html?fn=/silo10/Bibliothek.tiff/02-hist/1752/tif/&pn=369}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=If we join two pieces, one of lead, and the other of silver, so that the two edges join, and if we approach them with the tongue we will feel some taste, quite similar to the taste of vitriol of iron [iron(II) sulfate], while each piece apart gives no trace of this taste. It is not probable that through this junction of the two metals, any solution of one or the other occurs, and that the dissolved particles penetrate the tongue. We must therefore conclude that the junction of these metals produces in one or the other, or in both, a vibration in their particles, and that this vibration, which must necessarily affect the nerves of the tongue, produces there the taste mentioned.|author=Johann Georg Sulzer|source=“Recherches sur l'origine des sentimens agréables et désagréables: Troisième partie. Des plaisirs des sens”}}

=== Luigi Galvani ===
[[File:Portrait of Luigi Galvani 2.jpg|thumb|296x296px|Luigi Galvani]]
According to popular legend, Galvani discovered the effects of electricity on muscle tissue when investigating an unrelated phenomenon which required skinned frogs in the 1780s and 1790s. His assistant is claimed to have accidentally touched a scalpel to the sciatic nerve of the frog and this resulted in a spark and animation of its legs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lateralmag.com/articles/issue-25/galvani-and-the-spark-of-life|title=Galvani and the spark of life|website=Lateral Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref> This was building on the theories of [[Giovanni Battista Beccaria]], [[Felice Fontana]], [[Leopoldo Marco Antonio Caldani]], and {{interlanguage link|Tommaso Laghi|it}}.<ref name="Encyclopedia.com" /> Galvani was investigating the effects of distant atmospheric electricity (lightning) on prepared frog legs when he discovered the legs convulsed not only when lightning struck but also when he pressed the brass hooks attached to the frog's spinal cord to the iron railing they were suspended from.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/aloysiigalvanid00galv|title=Aloysii Galvani De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentarius|last=Galvani|first=Luigi|date=1791|website=library.si.edu|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref> In his laboratory, Galvani later discovered that he could replicate this phenomenon by touching metal electrodes of brass connected to the frog's spinal cord to an iron plate. He concluded that this was proof of "animal electricity," the electric power which animated living things.<ref name="Encyclopedia.com" />

=== Alessandro Volta ===
[[File:Volta présente son invention à Napoléon (cropped).jpg|thumb|Alessandro Volta demonstrates his battery to Napoleon.]]
Alessandro Volta, a contemporary physicist, believed that the effect was explicable not by any vital force but rather it was the presence of two different metals that was generating the electricity. Volta demonstrated his theory by creating the first chemical electric battery.<ref>Edwin James Houston, "Electricity in Everyday Life", Chapter XXII. P. F. Collier & Son, 1905.</ref> Despite their differences in opinion, Volta named the phenomenon of the chemical generation of electricity "Galvanism" after Galvani.<ref name=":1" />

=== Galvani publishes his work ===
On March 27, 1791, Galvani published a book about his work on animal electricity. It contained comprehensive details of his 11 years of research and experimentation on the topic.<ref>Montillo, Roseanne. The Lady and her Monsters. Harper Collins. pp. 49-50.</ref>

The 1797 edition of ''[[Friedrich Albrecht Carl Gren|Gren]]’s Grundriss der Naturlehre'' provides the first explicit definition of 'galvanism' as clearly reflecting Volta’s opinion in the following terms: 
<blockquote>Galvani from Bologna was the first to observe muscular motions elicited by the contact between two different metals; after him, the phenomena of this sort were termed and included under the name of Galvanism.<ref>[http://stum.unife.it/ricerca/laboratori/dos/cartella-ricerca/sotto-cartella-linguaggi/A%20visual%20history%20of%20Galvanism/the-origins-of-galvanism The Origins of Galvanism], Università degli Studi di Ferrara. Retrieved February 26, 2022.</ref></blockquote>

=== Giovanni Aldini ===
[[File:Ritratto di Giovanni Aldini, 1829 - Accademia delle Scienze di Torino - Ritratti 0035 B (cropped).jpg|thumb|206x206px|Giovanni Aldini]]
[[Image:A Galvanised Corpse.jpg|thumb|right|Cartoon of a galvanized corpse]]
[[Giovanni Aldini]], Galvani's nephew, continued his uncle's work after Luigi Galvani died in 1798.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bresadola|first=Marco|date=1998|title=Medicine and science in the life of Luigi Galvani (1737–1798)|journal=Brain Research Bulletin|language=en|volume=46|issue=5|pages=367–380|doi=10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00023-9|pmid=9739000|s2cid=13035403}}</ref> In 1803, Aldini performed a famous public demonstration of the electro-stimulation technique of deceased limbs on the corpse of an executed criminal [[George Forster (murderer)|George Foster]] at [[Newgate]] in [[London]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cats/9/10190.htm |title=AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal College of Surgeons of England: Aldini, Giovanni: Notebook |publisher=Aim25.ac.uk |access-date=2012-08-05 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220239/http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cats/9/10190.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/History/early-nineteen.htm |title=Early Nineteenth century electrochemistry |access-date=21 October 2010}}</ref> The Newgate Calendar describes what happened when the galvanic process was used on the body:

{{blockquote|1=On the first application of the process to the face, the jaws of the deceased criminal began to quiver, and the adjoining muscles were horribly contorted, and one eye was actually opened. In the subsequent part of the process the right hand was raised and clenched, and the legs and thighs were set in motion.<ref>[http://www.exclassics.com/newgate/ng464.htm The Newgate Calendar - George Foster] Executed at Newgate, 18th of January, 1803, for the Murder of his Wife and Child, by drowning them in the Paddington Canal; with a Curious Account of Galvanic Experiments on his Body</ref>}}Galvani has been called the father of [[electrophysiology]]. The debate between Galvani and Volta "would result in the creation of electrophysiology, electromagnetism, electrochemistry and the electric battery."<ref>Cajavilca, Christian, Joseph Varon, and George L. Sternbach. "Luigi Galvani and the Foundations of Electrophysiology." ''Resuscitation'', vol. 80, no. 2, 2009, pp. 159-162doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.09.020.</ref>