Editing Gabriele D'Annunzio (section)

== Biography ==
=== Early life and family ===
[[File:Gabriele D'Annunzio a 7 anni.jpg|thumb|left|D'Annunzio in 1870, aged 7]]
[[File:Pescara 2007 -Casa natale di Gabriele D'Annunzio- by-RaBoe 02.jpg|thumb|left|[[Birthplace of Gabriele D'Annunzio Museum]] in Pescara]]
[[File:Gabriele d’Annunzio birth certificate.jpg|thumb|Gabriele d’Annunzio's birth certificate]]
D'Annunzio was born in the township of [[Pescara]], in the modern-day [[Italian region]] of [[Abruzzo]], the son of a wealthy [[landowner]] and mayor of the town, Francesco Paolo Rapagnetta D'Annunzio (1838–1893) and his wife Luisa de Benedictis (1839–1917). His father was born Francesco Paolo Rapagnetta, the sixth child of Camillo Rapagnetta, a shoemaker, and Rita Olimpia Lolli.<!--See birth certificate of Francesco Paolo Rapagnetta at https://antenati.cultura.gov.it/ark:/12657/an_ud18580327--> At the age of 13, he was adopted by a sister of his mother Rita, Anna Lolli, who had remarried, after the death of her first husband, a wealthy merchant and shipowner, Antonio D'Annunzio.<ref>{{cite book |last=Geiger |first=André Geiger |title=Gabriele d'Annunzio |year=1918 |page=142 |language=fr |quote=Après la légitimation, et conformément à la loi, il perdit ce nom de Rapagnetta pour prendre le seul nom du père qui l'avait légitimé. Il est probable que le Camillo Rapagnetta, qui figure dans l'acte de naissance du poète, était un parent, ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Carrière |first1=Joseph Médard|last2=Fucilla |first2=Joseph Guerin |title=D'Annunzio Abroad: A Bibliographical Essay |year=1935 |volume=2 |page=29 |postscript=It includes a translation of the birth certificate of D'Annunzio's father, Francesco Paolo Rapagnetta, of the legal act recognizing the latter's adoption by his uncle Antonio D'Annunzio, and the birth certificate of Gabriele D'Annunzio.}}</ref> D'Annunzio's paternal grandfather, Camillo Rapagnetta (1795–1866) registered his birth. Legend has it that D'Annunzio was initially [[baptised]] Gaetano and given the name of [[Gabriele]] later in childhood because of his angelic looks;<ref>{{cite book |last=Room |first=Adrian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSIhzKnNUf4C |title=Dictionary of Pseudonyms: 13,000 Assumed Names and Their Origins |date=10 January 2014 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-5763-2 |edition=5th |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eSIhzKnNUf4C&pg=PA132 132] }}</ref> this story is purely fictitious, as can be seen by D'Annunzio's birth certificate and baptismal records, which record ''Gabriele'' as both his birth and baptismal name.<ref>{{cite web |date=2000 |title=Gabriele D'Annunzio (1863-1938)<!--Gabriele D'Annunzio - Biografia--> |url=http://www.italialibri.net/autori/dannunzio.html |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=Italialibri.net |language=it}}</ref>{{refn|For the birth certificate of D'Annunzio, see {{cite web |title=Registro: 1863 |url=https://antenati.cultura.gov.it/ark:/12657/an_ua19139143/wkbAYrr/ |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=Portale Antenati |page=27 |language=it}} For the urban legend, see {{cite book|last=Rapagnetta|first=Amedeo|date=1938|title=La vera origine familiare e il vero cognome del poeta abruzzese Gabriele D'Annunzio|location=Lanciano|publisher=Carabba|language=it}}|group=nb}}

D'Annunzio's precocious talent was recognised early in life, and he was sent to school at the Liceo Cicognini in [[Prato]], Tuscany. He published his first poems – a small volume of verses called ''Primo Vere'' – in 1879, at the age of sixteen and while still at school. Influenced by [[Giosuè Carducci]]'s ''Odi barbare'', he placed some almost brutal imitations of [[Lorenzo Stecchetti]], the fashionable poet of ''Postuma'', side by side with translations from the Latin. His verse was so distinguished that the literary critic Giuseppe Chiarini, upon reading it, brought the unknown youth before the public in an enthusiastic article.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chiarini |first=Giuseppe |date=1 May 1880 |title=A proposito di un nuovo poeta |work=Fanfulla della domenica |location=Rome |language=it |issue=<!--Anno II-->18}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Pinagli |first=Palmiro |date=1985 |title=Il noviziato poetico di Gabriele D'Annunzio: l'età del 'Primo vere'. Prima parte |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23928360 |journal=Italianistica: Rivista di letteratura italiana |language=it |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=57–71 |issn=0391-3368 |jstor=23928360}}</ref>

In 1881, D'Annunzio entered the [[University of Rome La Sapienza]], where he became a member of various literary groups, including {{lang|it|Cronaca Bizantina}}, and wrote articles and criticism for local newspapers. In those university years, he started to promote [[Italian irredentism]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

=== Literary work ===
D'Annunzio published {{lang|it|Canto novo}} (1882), {{lang|it|Terra vergine}} (1882), {{lang|it|L'intermezzo di rime}} (1883), {{lang|it|Il libro delle vergini}} (1884) and the greater part of the short stories that were afterwards collected under the general title of {{lang|it|San Pantaleone}} (1886). {{lang|it|Canto novo}} contains poems full of pulsating youth and the promise of power, some descriptive of the sea and some of the Abruzzese landscape, commented on and completed in prose by {{lang|it|Terra vergine}}, the latter a collection of short stories dealing in radiant language with the peasant life of the author's native province. {{lang|it|Intermezzo di rime}} is the beginning of D'Annunzio's second and characteristic manner. His conception of style was new, and he chose to express all the most subtle vibrations of voluptuous life. Both style and contents began to startle his critics; some who had greeted him as an ''enfant prodige'' rejected him as a perverter of public morals, whilst others hailed him as one bringing a breath of fresh air and an impulse of new vitality into the somewhat prim, lifeless work hitherto produced.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Meanwhile, the review of D'Annunzio publisher Angelo Sommaruga perished in the midst of scandal, and his group of young authors found itself dispersed. Some entered the teaching career and were lost to literature, others threw themselves into journalism.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} D'Annunzio took this latter course, and joined the staff of the {{lang|it|Tribuna}}, under the pseudonym of "Duca Minimo". Here he wrote {{lang|it|Il libro d'Isotta}} (1886), a love poem, in which for the first time he drew inspiration adapted to modern sentiments and passions from the rich colours of the Renaissance.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} {{lang|it|Il libro d'Isotta}} is also interesting because in it one can find most of the germs of his future work, just as in {{lang|it|Intermezzo melico}} and in certain ballads and sonnets one can find descriptions and emotions which later went to form the aesthetic contents of {{lang|it|Il piacere}}, {{lang|it|Il trionfo della morte}} and {{lang|it|Elegie romane}} (1892).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

D'Annunzio's first novel {{lang|it|[[Il Piacere]]}} (1889, translated into English as ''The Child of Pleasure'') was followed in 1891 by ''[[Giovanni Episcopo]]'', and in 1892 by ''[[The Intruder (D'Annunzio novel)|L'innocente]]'' (''The Intruder''). These three novels made a profound impression. ''L'innocente'', admirably translated into French by Georges Herelle, brought its author the notice and applause of foreign critics. His next work, ''[[Il trionfo della morte]]'' (''The Triumph of Death'') (1894), was followed soon by {{lang|it|Le vergini delle rocce}} (''The Maidens of the Rocks'') (1896) and {{lang|it|[[The Flame (novel)|Il fuoco]]}} (''The Flame of Life'') (1900); the latter is in its descriptions of Venice perhaps the most ardent glorification of a city existing in any language.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

[[File:Picture of Gabriele D'Annunzio.jpg|thumb|left|D'Annunzio in 1903]]
D'Annunzio's poetic work of this period, in most respects his finest, is represented by {{lang|it|Il Poema Paradisiaco}} (1893), the {{lang|it|Odi navali}} (1893), a superb attempt at civic poetry, and {{lang|it|Laudi}} (1900).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} A later phase of D'Annunzio's work is his dramatic production, represented by {{lang|it|Il sogno di un mattino di primavera}} (1897), a lyrical fantasia in one act, and his {{lang|it|Città Morta}} (''The Dead City'') (1898), written for [[Sarah Bernhardt]]. In 1898 he wrote his {{lang|it|Sogno di un pomeriggio d'autunno}} and ''[[La Gioconda (play)|La Gioconda]]''; in the succeeding year ''La gloria'', an attempt at contemporary political tragedy which met with no success, probably because of the audacity of the personal and political allusions in some of its scenes; and then ''[[Francesca da Rimini (play)|Francesca da Rimini]]'' (1901), based on an episode from [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]''; a perfect reconstruction of medieval atmosphere and emotion, magnificent in style, and declared by an authoritative Italian critic – Edoardo Boutet – to be the first real, if imperfect, tragedy ever given to the Italian theatre.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} It was adapted by Tito Ricordi to become the libretto for the opera [[Francesca da Rimini (Zandonai)|Francesca da Rimini]] by [[Riccardo Zandonai]], which premiered in 1914.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

In 1883, D'Annunzio married [[Maria Hardouin]] di Gallese, and had three sons, Mario (1884–1964), Gabriele Maria "Gabriellino" (1886–1945) and Ugo Veniero (1887–1945), but the marriage ended in 1891. In 1894, he began a love affair with the actress [[Eleonora Duse]] which became a ''cause célèbre''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=D'Annunzio |first1=Gabrielle |title=The Book of the Virgins |date=2003 |publisher=Hesperus Press Limited |location=London |isbn=1843910527 |page=101}}</ref> He provided leading roles for her in his plays of the time such as ''La città morta'' (1898) and ''Francesca da Rimini'' (1901), but the tempestuous relationship finally ended in 1910. After meeting [[Luisa Casati|the Marchesa Luisa Casati]] in 1903, he began a lifelong turbulent on again-off again affair with Luisa, that lasted until a few years before his death.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Crawford |first=Zarah |date=2007-02-25 |title=Shock of the Few |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/25/t-magazine/womens-fashion/25tchic.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

[[File:Gabriele D'Annunzio (before 1938) - Archivio Storico Ricordi FOTO001172.jpg|thumb|upright|D'Annunzio in a photo before 1938]]
In 1897, D'Annunzio was elected to the [[Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] for a three-year term, where he sat as an independent. By 1910, his daredevil lifestyle had forced him into debt, and he fled to France to escape his creditors. There he collaborated with composer [[Claude Debussy]] on a musical play, ''[[Le Martyre de saint Sébastien]]'' (''The Martyrdom of [[St Sebastian]]''), 1911, written for [[Ida Rubinstein]]. The [[Holy See]] reacted by placing all of his works in the [[Index of Forbidden Books]]. The work was not successful as a play, but it has been recorded in adapted versions several times, notably by [[Pierre Monteux]] (in French), [[Leonard Bernstein]] (songs in French, dialogue in English), and [[Michael Tilson Thomas]] (in French). In 1912 and 1913, D'Annunzio worked with opera composer [[Pietro Mascagni]], writing the libretto for the opera ''[[Parisina (Mascagni)|Parisina]]'', staying sometimes in a house rented by the composer in Bellevue, near Paris. D'Annunzio insisted that the entire, long libretto should be set to music, which eventually meant that the work was too long for audiences of the time, and required the entire last act to be removed.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

In 1901, D'Annunzio and [[Ettore Ferrari]], the [[Grand Master (Masonic)|Grand Master]] of the [[Grand Orient of Italy]], founded the Università Popolare di Milano (Popular University of [[Milan]]), located in via [[Ugo Foscolo]]. D'Annunzio held the inaugural speech and subsequently became an associated professor and a lecturer in the same institution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unipmi.org/1/la_nostra_storia_1957302.html |title=Our History – Gabriele D'Annunzio |publisher=Università Popolare di Milano |language=it |access-date=21 September 2018 |website=unipmi.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131104107/http://www.unipmi.org/1/la_nostra_storia_1957302.html |archive-date=31 January 2011}}</ref> In 1902, D'Annunzio visited [[Istria]], an "[[irredent land]]", then under [[Austro-Hungarian]] rule. He was welcomed in [[Pisino]] by a "pouring of flowers" let down from the windows of the crowded houses,<ref name="masci">{{cite book |last1=Masci |first1=Filippo |title=La vita e le opere di Gabriele d'Annunzio in un indice cronologico e analitico |date=1950 |publisher=Danesi |page=160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7F8vAAAAIAAJ |quote=Conosce la signora Ilda Mizzan, che poi diverrà la moglie del senatore Salata [(D'Annunzio) becomes acquainted with Ilda Mizzan, who will become the wife of senator Francesco Salata}}</ref> visited the Italian gymnasium and was paid a homage designed by the future wife of [[Francesco Salata]].<ref name="stefani">{{cite book |last=Stefani |first=Giuseppe |title=La lirica italiana e l'irredentismo da Goffredo Mameli a Gabriele d'Annunzio |date=1959 |publisher=Cappelli |page=217 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWFJAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> In a letter addressed to the same Italian historian, D'Annunzio complimented with him about the civility of the Italian population living there, praising the struggle of the "great, manifold, transfiguring Latin civilization against the barbaric abuse".<ref>{{cite book |last=Spadolini |first=Giovanni |title=Nuova Antologia – Rivista di lettere, scienze ed arti |date=1939 |publisher= Sapienza University of Rome |page=21}}</ref><ref name="Feresini">{{cite book |last=Feresini |first=Nerina |date=26 December 1989|title=Scontro di culture. La storia del Ginnasio di Pisino corre parallela a quella delle contrapposizioni etniche, fatte di scontri e di violenza, all'interno dell'Istria  |publisher=Il Territorio |pages=52–57 |url=https://www.ccm.it/ProxyVFS.axd/article,/r17922/1989_26_12_Scontro-di-culture-pdf?v=12492&ext=.pdf}}</ref>

D'Annunzio was a Grand Master of the [[Grand Lodge of Italy]], a [[Scottish Rite]] that in 1908 had separated from the Grand Orient of Italy.<ref>{{cite book |first=Fulvio |last=Conti |title=Storia della massoneria italiana. Dal Risorgimento al fascism |language=it |trans-title=History of Italian Freemasonry. From the Risorgimento to fascism |location=Bologna |publisher=Il Mulino |year=2003 |isbn=978-88-15-11019-0}}</ref> Subsequently, he adhered to the mystic and philosophic movimento known as [[Martinism]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cesnur.org/religioni_italia/m/martinismo_01.htm |title=Gli ordini martinisti e l'ermetismo kremmerziano |language=it |trans-title=The Martinist Orders and Kremmerzian Hermeticism |first1=M. |last1=Introvigne |publisher=Centro Studi sulle Nuove Religioni |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217073823/http://www.cesnur.org/religioni_italia/m/martinismo_01.htm |archive-date=17 December 2005}}</ref> collaborating in [[Fiume]] with other 33rd degree Scottish Rite Freemasons and occultists like [[Alceste De Ambris]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.archiviostorico.info/libri-e-riviste/5165-alceste-de-ambris |title=Alceste De Ambris. L'utopia concreta di un rivoluzionario sindacalista |trans-title=Alceste De Ambris. The concrete utopia of a syndicalist revolutionary |website=archiviostorico.info |language=it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221210549/http://www.archiviostorico.info/libri-e-riviste/5165-alceste-de-ambris |archive-date= 21 February 2014}}</ref> [[Sante Ceccherini]],<ref>{{cite book |first1=Gianfranco De |last1=Turris |title=Esoterismo e Fascismo |language=it |trans-title=Esotericism and Fascism |location=Rome |publisher=Edizioni Mediterranee |year=2006 |isbn=978-88-272-1831-0 |page=44}}</ref> and [[Marco Egidio Allegri]]. The Masonic initiation of D'Annunzio his testified by the choice of Masonic symbols for the flag of the Regence of Carnaro like the [[Ouroboros]] and the seven stars of the [[Ursa Major]].<ref>De Turris 2006, p. 44.</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=S. |last1=Calasso |year=2011 |title=Speciale movimenti moderni – La Reggenza del Carnaro |trans-title=Special modern movements – The Regency of Carnaro |work=Il Covile – Anno XI |issue=627 |language=it |pages=1–13 |issn=2279-6924 |url=http://www.ilcovile.it/raccolte/RACCOLTA_COVILE__2_Romano_Guardini_e_i_movimenti_moderni.pdf#33 |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210213911/http://www.ilcovile.it/raccolte/RACCOLTA_COVILE__2_Romano_Guardini_e_i_movimenti_moderni.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2012}} and {{cite web|first=Armando |last=Ermini |year=2011 |title=Speciale movimenti moderni – Bilancio |trans-title=Special modern movements – Balance sheet |work=Il Covile – Anno XI |issue= 627 |pages=13–16 |issn=2279-6924 |url=http://www.ilcovile.it/raccolte/RACCOLTA_COVILE__2_Romano_Guardini_e_i_movimenti_moderni.pdf#45 |language=it |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210213911/http://www.ilcovile.it/raccolte/RACCOLTA_COVILE__2_Romano_Guardini_e_i_movimenti_moderni.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://guide.supereva.it/astronomia/interventi/2002/01/86621.shtml |title=A special flag |author1 = P. Colono |language=it |website=superEva |access-date = 20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020804131416/http://guide.supereva.it/astronomia/interventi/2002/01/86621.shtml |archive-date=4 August 2002}}</ref>

=== World War I ===
{{main|Flight over Vienna}}
[[File:Volantinodann.jpg|thumb|upright 1.2|Italian translation of the propaganda leaflet which D'Annunzio threw from his aeroplane during his flight above Vienna]]
After the start of [[World War I]], D'Annunzio returned to Italy and made public speeches in favor of Italy's entry on the side of the [[Triple Entente]]. Since taking a flight with [[Wilbur Wright]] in 1908, D'Annunzio had been interested in aviation. With the war beginning he volunteered and achieved further celebrity as a [[Fighter aircraft|fighter pilot]], losing the sight of an eye in a flying accident.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

[[File:Gabriele DAnnunzio.jpg|thumb|D'Annunzio (left) with a fellow officer]]
In February 1918, he took part in a daring, if militarily irrelevant, [[Bakar mockery|raid on the harbour]] of [[Bakar, Croatia|Bakar]] (known in Italy as {{lang|it|La beffa di Buccari}}, lit. ''the Bakar Mockery''), helping to raise the spirits of the Italian public, still battered by the [[Battle of Caporetto|Caporetto disaster]]. On 9 August 1918, as commander of the 87th fighter squadron "La Serenissima", he organized one of the great feats of the war, leading nine planes in a 700-mile round trip to drop propaganda leaflets on [[Vienna]]. This is called in Italian "il Volo su Vienna", "the [[Flight over Vienna]]".<ref>{{cite EB1922|wstitle=D'Annunzio, Gabriele}}</ref>

=== Fiume ===
{{main|Impresa di Fiume}}
The war strengthened D'Annunzio's [[ultranationalist]] and [[Italian irredentist]] views, and he campaigned widely for Italy to assume a role alongside her wartime [[Allies of World War I|allies]] as a first-rate European power. Angered by the proposed handing over of the city of [[Fiume]] (now [[Rijeka]] in Croatia) whose population, when the suburbs are included, was mostly Italian, at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]], on 12 September 1919, D'Annunzio led 186 grenadiers of the [[Royal Italian Army]]'s [[2nd Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna"|2nd Grenadiers Regiment]]'s I Battalion from [[Ronchi dei Legionari|Ronchi]] to Fiume to seize the city. Within days troops from other army units joined D'Annunzio in Fiume, who soon commanded a force of 2,500 troops of former Royal Italian Army troops, Italian nationalists, and World War I veterans of the [[Italian front (World War I)|Italian front]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bonelli |first1=Ernesto |title=Granatieri di Sardegna |date=2010 |publisher=Associazione del Museo Pietro Micca |location=Turin |pages=23–26, 104–109}}</ref> D'Annunzio then forced the [[Occupation of the eastern Adriatic|inter-Allied (American, British and French) occupying forces]] to withdraw.<ref>H.R. Kedward, ''Fascism in Western Europe 1900–45'', p 40 New York University Press New York, 1971</ref> The plotters sought to have Italy annex Fiume but were denied. Instead, Italy initiated a blockade of Fiume while demanding that the plotters surrender.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

[[File:Fiume cheering D'Annunzio.jpg|thumb|Residents of [[Fiume]], now Rijeka, Croatia, cheering the arrival of [[Impresa di Fiume|Gabriele D'Annunzio and his ''Legionari'']] in September 1919, when Fiume had 22,488 (62% of the population) Italians in a total population of 35,839 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Fiume-question|title=Fiume question|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref>]]
D'Annunzio then declared Fiume an independent state, the [[Italian Regency of Carnaro]]; the [[Charter of Carnaro]] foreshadowed much of the later Italian Fascist system, with himself as "Duce" (leader). Some elements of the [[Royal Italian Navy]], such as the destroyer ''Espero'' joined up with D'Annunzio's local forces.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D07E7D7163CE533A25752C1A9649D946195D6CF |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=D'ANNUNZIO PAYS DESERTING SAILORS; Hands Out 10,000 Francs to Crew of Destroyer – Its Officer Bound to Gun. WRANGEL TROOPS NEAR BY Many in Rome Look Hopefully to Giolitti to Find a Way Out of Flume Crisis |date=11 December 1920 |access-date=3 May 2010}}</ref> He attempted to organize an alternative to the [[League of Nations]] for (selected) oppressed nations of the world (such as the Irish, whom D'Annunzio attempted to arm in 1920),<ref>Mark Phelan, 'Prophet of the Oppressed Nations: Gabriele D'Annunzio and the Irish Republic, 1919–1921, ''History Ireland'' vol. 21, no, 5(Sept/Oct 2013, pp. 44–50.</ref> and sought to make alliances with various [[separatism|separatist]] groups throughout the [[Balkans]] (especially groups of Italians, though also some [[Slavs|Slavic]] and [[Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo|Albanian]] groups),<ref>{{cite book |language=de |title=Lebenserinnerungen: 1912 bis 1925 |trans-title=Memoirs: 1912–1925 |page=154 |first=Ekrem |last=Vlora |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnsITEI0l4IC&q=beqir+vokshi |isbn=9783486475715 |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |year=1973}}</ref> although without much success. D'Annunzio ignored the [[Treaty of Rapallo, 1920|Treaty of Rapallo]] and declared war on Italy itself, only finally surrendering the city on 29 December 1920 after a bombardment by the Italian navy and five days of fighting.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

[[File:Foto Fiume.jpg|thumb|D'Annunzio (near the centre with cane) with some legionaries (components of the Arditi's department of the Italian Royal Army) in Fiume in 1919. Next to D'Annunzio (right) is Arturo Avolio, a lieutenant and the commander of the Arditi's department of Bologna Brigade.]]

=== Later life ===
[[File:Vittoriale teatro.jpg|thumb|Villa of [[Vittoriale degli italiani]]]]
After the Fiume episode, D'Annunzio retired to his home on [[Lake Garda]] and spent his latter years writing and campaigning. Although D'Annunzio had a strong influence on the ideology of [[Benito Mussolini]], he never became directly involved in fascist government politics in Italy. In 1922, shortly before the [[march on Rome]], he was [[defenestration|pushed out of a window]] by an unknown assailant, or perhaps simply slipped and fell out himself while intoxicated. He survived but was badly injured, and recovered only after Mussolini had been appointed Prime Minister.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

In 1924, D'Annunzio was ennobled by King [[Victor Emmanuel III]] and given the hereditary title of Prince of [[Monte Nevoso|Montenevoso]] ({{langx|it|Principe di Montenevoso}}). In 1937 he was made president of the [[Royal Academy of Italy]]. D'Annunzio died in 1938 of a stroke, at his home in [[Gardone Riviera]]. He was given a state funeral by Mussolini and was interred in a magnificent tomb constructed of white marble at [[Il Vittoriale degli Italiani]]. His son, [[Gabriellino D'Annunzio]], became a film director. His 1921 film ''[[The Ship (film)|The Ship]]'' was based on a novel by his father. In 1924, he co-directed the historical epic {{lang|it|[[Quo Vadis (1924 film)|Quo Vadis]]}}, an expensive failure, before retiring from filmmaking.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}