Editing G-spot (section)

==Theorized structure==
===Location===
Two primary methods have been used to define and locate the G-spot as a sensitive area in the [[vagina]]: self-reported levels of arousal during stimulation, and stimulation of the G-spot leading to female ejaculation.<ref name="Hines"/> [[Ultrasound]] technology has also been used to identify [[physiological]] differences between women, and changes to the G-spot region during sexual activity.<ref name="Acton">See [https://books.google.com/books?id=amNcvrLCGZEC&pg=PT98 page 98] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210124605/https://books.google.com/books?id=amNcvrLCGZEC&pg=PT98 |date=2020-12-10 }} for the 2009 King's College London's findings on the G-spot and [https://books.google.com/books?id=kP9bCflZpVkC&pg=PA145 page 145] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509183226/https://books.google.com/books?id=kP9bCflZpVkC&pg=PA145 |date=2016-05-09 }} for ultrasound/physiological material with regard to the G-spot. {{cite book|author=Ashton Acton|title=Issues in Sexuality and Sexual Behavior Research: 2011 Edition|publisher=[[ScholarlyEditions]]|year=2012|access-date=January 24, 2014|isbn=978-1464966873|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amNcvrLCGZEC|archive-date=July 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717165213/https://books.google.com/books?id=amNcvrLCGZEC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Buss, Meston">{{cite book|first1=David M.|last1=Buss|first2=Cindy M.|last2=Meston|title=Why Women Have Sex: Understanding Sexual Motivations from Adventure to Revenge (and Everything in Between)|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]|year=2009|access-date=January 24, 2014|pages=35–36|isbn=978-1429955225|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slyflT85lXIC&pg=PA35|archive-date=December 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210124618/https://books.google.com/books?id=slyflT85lXIC&pg=PA35|url-status=live}}</ref>

The location of the G-spot is typically reported as being about {{convert|50|to|80|mm|in|abbr=on}} inside the vagina, on the front wall.<ref name="TheNakedWoman"/><ref name="Sloane">{{cite book | first = Ethel | last = Sloane | title = Biology of Women | publisher = [[Cengage Learning]] | year = 2002 | page = 34 | access-date = August 25, 2012 | isbn = 9780766811423 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kqcYyk7zlHYC&pg=PA34 | archive-date = December 10, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201210124554/https://books.google.com/books?id=kqcYyk7zlHYC&pg=PA34 | url-status = live }}</ref> For some women, stimulating this area creates a more intense orgasm than clitoral stimulation.<ref name="Buss, Meston"/> The G-spot area has been described as needing direct [[Sexual stimulation|stimulation]], such as two fingers pressed deeply into it.<ref name="Cooks, Barr">{{cite book|first1=Robert|last1=Crooks|first2=Karla|last2=Baur|title=Our Sexuality|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2010|access-date=January 24, 2014|pages=169–170|isbn=978-0495812944|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MpRnPtmdRVwC&pg=PA169|archive-date=December 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210125648/https://books.google.com/books?id=MpRnPtmdRVwC&pg=PA169|url-status=live}}</ref> Attempting to stimulate the area through [[sexual penetration]], especially in the [[missionary position]], is difficult because of the particular angle of penetration required.<ref name="TheNakedWoman"/>

===Vagina and clitoris===

[[File:G-Spot 1.png|thumb|Touching G-spot in natural ways<ref>{{cite journal|at= Figure 4 b|pmc= 5084726|year= 2016|last1= Pfaus|first1= J. G.|last2= Quintana|first2= G. R.|last3= Mac Cionnaith|first3= C.|last4= Parada|first4= M.|title= The whole versus the sum of some of the parts: Toward resolving the apparent controversy of clitoral versus vaginal orgasms|journal= Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology|volume= 6|doi= 10.3402/snp.v6.32578|doi-access=free|pmid= 27791968}}</ref>]]
Women usually need direct [[Clitoris|clitoral]] stimulation in order to orgasm,<ref name="Rosenthal 2">{{cite book|first=Martha|last=Rosenthal|title=Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2012|pages=134–135|access-date=January 25, 2014|isbn=978-0618755714|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&pg=PT154|archive-date=June 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614204808/http://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&pg=PT154|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kammerer-Doak">{{cite journal | first1 = Dorothy | last1 = Kammerer-Doak | first2 = Rebecca G. | last2 = Rogers | title = Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction | journal = Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 169–183 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18486835 | doi = 10.1016/j.ogc.2008.03.006 | quote=Most women report the inability to achieve orgasm with vaginal intercourse and require direct clitoral stimulation ... About 20% have coital climaxes...}}</ref> and G-spot stimulation may be best achieved by using both [[Fingering (sexual act)|manual stimulation]] and vaginal penetration.<ref name="TheNakedWoman"/> A [[yoni massage]] also includes manual stimulation of the G-spot.<ref>Inari H. Hanel: ''[https://yoni-massage.info/der-g-punkt-in-der-yoni-massage Der G-Punkt in der Yoni-Massage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414101456/https://yoni-massage.info/der-g-punkt-in-der-yoni-massage |date=2021-04-14 }}''</ref>

[[Sex toy]]s are available for G-spot stimulation. One common sex toy is the specially-designed [[G-spot vibrator]], which is a [[phallus|phallic]] [[Vibrator (sex toy)|vibrator]] that has a curved tip and attempts to make G-spot stimulation easy.<ref name="Taormino">{{cite book | author = Tristan Taormino | title = The Big Book of Sex Toys | publisher = Quiver | year = 2009 | pages = 100–101 | access-date = August 25, 2012 | isbn = 9781592333554 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hfly-iMkWRkC&pg=PA100 | author-link = Tristan Taormino | archive-date = December 10, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201210124914/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hfly-iMkWRkC&pg=PA100 | url-status = live }}</ref> G-spot vibrators are made from the same materials as regular vibrators, ranging from hard plastic, rubber, [[silicone]], [[Gel|jelly]], or any combination of them.<ref name="Taormino"/> The level of vaginal penetration when using a G-spot vibrator depends on the woman, because women's physiology is not always the same. The effects of G-spot stimulation when using the penis or a G-spot vibrator may be enhanced by additionally stimulating other [[erogenous zone]]s on a woman's body, such as the clitoris or [[vulva]] as a whole. When using a G-spot vibrator, this may be done by manually stimulating the clitoris, including by using the vibrator as a [[clitoral vibrator]], or, if the vibrator is designed for it, by applying it so that it stimulates the head of the clitoris, the rest of the vulva and the vagina simultaneously.<ref name="Taormino"/>

A 1981 case study reported that stimulation of the [[anterior]] vaginal wall made the area grow by fifty percent and that self-reported levels of arousal/orgasm were deeper when the G-spot was stimulated.<ref name="Addiego">{{cite journal |author1=Addiego, F. |author2=Belzer, E. G. |author3=Comolli, J. |author4=Moger, W. |author5=Perry, J. D. |author6-link=Beverly Whipple |author6=Whipple, B.  |year =1981|title =Female ejaculation: a case study. |journal =The Journal of Sex Research|publisher =Journal of Sex Research |volume =17 |number =1|pages =13–21 |doi =10.1080/00224498109551094}}</ref><ref name="Newman">{{cite book|author=David H. Newman|title=Hippocrates' Shadow|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2009|access-date=January 24, 2014|page=130|isbn=978-1416551546|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdWqPHgu3c8C&pg=PA130|archive-date=December 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210124714/https://books.google.com/books?id=WdWqPHgu3c8C&pg=PA130|url-status=live}}</ref> Another study, in 1983, examined eleven women by [[palpate|palpating]] the entire vagina in a clockwise fashion, and reported a specific response to stimulation of the anterior vaginal wall in four of the women, concluding that the area is the G-spot.<ref name="Taverner"/><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Goldberg, DC |author2=Whipple, B |author3=Fishkin, RE |author4=Waxman H |author5=Fink PJ |author6=Wiesberg M. |year =1983 |title =The Grafenberg Spot and female ejaculation: a review of initial hypotheses. |journal =J Sex Marital Ther |volume =9 |pages =27–37 |pmid =6686614 |issue =1 |doi=10.1080/00926238308405831}}</ref> In a 1990 study, an anonymous questionnaire was distributed to 2,350 professional women in the United States and Canada with a subsequent 55% return rate. Of these respondents, 40% reported having a fluid release (ejaculation) at the moment of orgasm, and 82% of the women who reported the sensitive area (Gräfenberg spot) also reported ejaculation with their orgasms. Several variables were associated with this perceived existence of female ejaculation.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Darling, CA |author2=Davidson, JK |author3=Conway-Welch, C. |year =1990 |title =Female ejaculation: perceived origins, the Grafenberg spot/area, and sexual responsiveness |journal = Arch Sex Behav  |volume =19 |pages =29–47 |doi =10.1007/BF01541824 |pmid =2327894 |issue =1|s2cid=25428390 }}</ref>

Some research suggests that G-spot and clitoral orgasms are of the same origin. [[Masters and Johnson]] were the first to determine that the clitoral structures surround and extend along and within the labia. Upon studying women's [[sexual response cycle]] to different stimulation, they observed that both clitoral and vaginal orgasms had the same stages of physical response, and found that the majority of their subjects could only achieve clitoral orgasms, while a minority achieved vaginal orgasms. On this basis, Masters and Johnson argued that clitoral stimulation is the source of both kinds of orgasms,<ref name="Masters and Johnson">{{cite book |last=Federation of Feminist Women's Health Centers |year=1991 |title=A New View of a Woman's Body |publisher= Feminist Health Press |pages=46 |isbn=978-0-9629945-0-0}}</ref><ref name="Archer, Lloyd">{{cite book | first1= John |last1=Archer |first2=Barbara |last2=Lloyd | title = Sex and Gender | publisher =[[Cambridge University Press]]|year = 2002|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sexgender0000arch_l8q2/page/85 85]–88| access-date = August 25, 2012| isbn = 9780521635332 |url = https://archive.org/details/sexgender0000arch_l8q2| url-access= registration }}</ref> reasoning that the clitoris is stimulated during penetration by friction against its hood.<ref name="Lloyd">{{Cite book | author-link = Elisabeth Lloyd | first = Elisabeth Anne | last = Lloyd | title = The Case Of The Female Orgasm: Bias In The Science Of Evolution | isbn = 9780674017061 | publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] | year = 2005 | access-date = 5 January 2012 | page = 53 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6GFNvA6TvlwC&pg=PA53 | archive-date = 15 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130615012803/http://books.google.com/books?id=6GFNvA6TvlwC&pg=PA53 | url-status = live |oclc=432675780}}</ref>

Researchers at the [[University of L'Aquila]], using ultrasonography, presented evidence that women who experience vaginal orgasms are statistically more likely to have thicker tissue in the anterior vaginal wall.<ref name="Buss, Meston"/> The researchers believe these findings make it possible for women to have a rapid test to confirm whether or not they have a G-spot.<ref name="New Scientist">{{cite book|title=New Scientist|publisher=[[New Scientist|New Science Publications]] (original from [[University of California]])|year=2008|access-date=January 24, 2014|page=6|volume=197|issue=2638–2649|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o8o-AQAAIAAJ|archive-date=September 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905094426/https://books.google.com/books?id=o8o-AQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Professor of [[genetic epidemiology]], Tim Spector, who co-authored research questioning the existence of the G-spot and finalized it in 2009, also hypothesizes thicker tissue in the G-spot area; he states that this tissue may be part of the clitoris and is not a separate erogenous zone.<ref name="New Scientist 2">{{cite book|title=New Scientist|publisher=[[New Scientist|New Science Publications]] (original from [[University of Virginia]])|year=2008|access-date=March 9, 2015|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6lFAAAAYAAJ|archive-date=September 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905094431/https://books.google.com/books?id=N6lFAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

Supporting Spector's conclusion is a study published in 2005 which investigates the size of the clitoris – it suggests that clitoral tissue extends into the anterior wall of the vagina. The main researcher of the studies, Australian [[Urology|urologist]] [[Helen O'Connell (urologist)|Helen O'Connell]], asserts that this interconnected relationship is the physiological explanation for the conjectured G-spot and experience of vaginal orgasms, taking into account the stimulation of the internal parts of the clitoris during vaginal penetration. While using [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] technology, O'Connell noted a direct relationship between the legs or roots of the clitoris and the erectile tissue of the "clitoral bulbs" and corpora, and the distal urethra and vagina. "The vaginal wall is, in fact, the clitoris," said O'Connell. "If you lift the skin off the vagina on the side walls, you get the bulbs of the clitoris – triangular, crescental masses of erectile tissue."<ref name="O'Connell"/> O'Connell et al., who performed dissections on the female genitals of [[cadaver]]s and used photography to map the structure of nerves in the clitoris, were already aware that the clitoris is more than just its glans and asserted in 1998 that there is more erectile tissue associated with the clitoris than is generally described in anatomical textbooks.<ref name="Sloane"/><ref name="Archer, Lloyd"/> They concluded that some females have more extensive clitoral tissues and nerves than others, especially having observed this in young cadavers as compared to elderly ones,<ref name="Sloane"/><ref name="Archer, Lloyd"/> and therefore whereas the majority of females can only achieve orgasm by direct stimulation of the external parts of the clitoris, the stimulation of the more generalized tissues of the clitoris via intercourse may be sufficient for others.<ref name="O'Connell"/>

French researchers Odile Buisson and [[Pierre Foldès]] reported similar findings to those of O'Connell's. In 2008, they published the first complete 3D [[Medical ultrasonography|sonography]] of the stimulated clitoris, and republished it in 2009 with new research, demonstrating the ways in which erectile tissue of the clitoris engorges and surrounds the vagina. On the basis of this research, they argued that women may be able to achieve vaginal orgasm via stimulation of the G-spot because the highly innervated clitoris is pulled closely to the anterior wall of the vagina when the woman is sexually aroused and during vaginal penetration. They assert that since the front wall of the vagina is inextricably linked with the internal parts of the clitoris, stimulating the vagina without activating the clitoris may be next to impossible.<ref name="Acton"/><ref name="Pappas">{{cite web |last=Pappas |first=Stephanie |title=Does the Vaginal Orgasm Exist? Experts Debate |publisher=[[LiveScience]] |date=April 9, 2012 |access-date=November 28, 2012 |url=http://www.livescience.com/19579-vaginal-orgasm-debate.html |archive-date=October 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011211945/http://www.livescience.com/19579-vaginal-orgasm-debate.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Buisson and Foldès 2009">{{cite journal  |last1=Buisson|first1=Odile|last2=Foldès|first2=Pierre|author2-link=Pierre Foldès|title=The clitoral complex: a dynamic sonographic study.|journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]]|volume= 6|issue= 5|pages= 1223–31|year=2009|pmid=19453931 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01231.x|s2cid=5096396 }}</ref><ref name="Carroll">{{cite book|last=Carroll|first=Janell L.|title=Discovery Series: Human Sexuality|edition=1st|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|isbn=978-1111841898|year=2013<!-- NOTE: Copyright date is 2013 inside of the book. -->|page=103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gU3SZSh-eXsC&pg=PT135|access-date=2015-10-27|archive-date=2021-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310001014/https://books.google.com/books?id=gU3SZSh-eXsC&pg=PT135|url-status=live}}</ref> In their 2009 published study, the "coronal planes during perineal contraction and finger penetration demonstrated a close relationship between the root of the clitoris and the anterior vaginal wall". Buisson and Foldès suggested "that the special sensitivity of the lower anterior vaginal wall could be explained by pressure and movement of clitoris's root during a vaginal penetration and subsequent perineal contraction".<ref name="Acton"/><ref name="Buisson and Foldès 2009"/>

===Female prostate===
{{See also|Skene's gland|Urethral sponge}}

In 2001, the [[International Federation of Associations of Anatomists|Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology]] accepted ''female prostate'' as a second term for the Skene's gland, which is believed to be found in the G-spot area along the walls of the urethra. The male prostate is biologically [[Homology (biology)|homologous]] to the Skene's gland;<ref name="Lentz">{{cite book|first1=Gretchen M|last1=Lentz|first2=Rogerio A.|last2=Lobo|first3=David M|last3=Gershenson|first4=Vern L.|last4=Katz|title=Comprehensive Gynecology|publisher=[[Elsevier Health Sciences]]|year=2012|access-date=March 9, 2015|page=41|isbn=978-0323091312|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5KT_w6Nye8C&pg=PA41|archive-date=December 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210124759/https://books.google.com/books?id=X5KT_w6Nye8C&pg=PA41|url-status=live}}</ref> it has been unofficially called the male G-spot because it can also [[prostate massage|be used as an erogenous zone]].<ref name="Rosenthal"/><ref name="Answer">{{cite book|title=The Orgasm Answer Guide|isbn = 978-0-8018-9396-4|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press|JHU Press]]|year=2009|pages=[https://archive.org/details/orgasmanswerguid00komi/page/108 108]–109|access-date=6 November 2011|url=https://archive.org/details/orgasmanswerguid00komi|url-access=registration|author1-link=Barry Komisaruk|author2-link=Beverly Whipple|author3-link=Sara Nasserzadeh|first1 =Barry R. |last1=Komisaruk |first2=Beverly |last2=Whipple |first3=Sara |last3=Nasserzadeh |first4=Carlos |last4=Beyer-Flores}}</ref>

[[Regnier de Graaf]], in 1672, observed that the secretions (female ejaculation) by the erogenous zone in the vagina lubricate "in agreeable fashion during coitus". Modern scientific hypotheses linking G-spot sensitivity with female ejaculation led to the idea that non-urine female ejaculate may originate from the Skene's gland, with the Skene's gland and male prostate acting similarly in terms of prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific [[acid phosphatase]] studies,<ref name="Greenberg"/><ref name="Bullough">{{cite book|first1=Vern L.|last1=Bullough|first2=Bonnie|author1-link=Bonnie Bullough|last2=Bullough|author2-link=Vern Bullough|title=Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2014|access-date=October 30, 2014|page=231|isbn=978-1135825096|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHymAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA231|archive-date=December 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210124728/https://books.google.com/books?id=UHymAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA231|url-status=live}}</ref> which led to a trend of calling the Skene's glands the female prostate.<ref name="Bullough"/> Additionally, the enzyme [[cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5|PDE5]] (involved with [[erectile dysfunction]]) has additionally been associated with the G-spot area.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nicola Jones|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn2495|title=Bigger is better when it comes to the G-Spot|date=3 July 2002|journal=[[New Scientist]]|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-date=6 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006073742/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn2495|url-status=dead}}</ref> Because of these factors, it has been argued that the G-spot is a system of [[gland]]s and [[duct (anatomy)|ducts]] located within the anterior (front) wall of the vagina.<ref name="Cooks, Barr"/> A similar approach has linked the G-spot with the [[urethral sponge]].<ref name="Irvine">{{cite book|author=Janice M. Irvine|title=Disorders of Desire: Sexuality and Gender in Modern American Sexology|publisher=[[Temple University Press]]|year=2014|access-date=March 9, 2015|page=271|isbn=978-1592131518|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIJXT7ZCTCsC&pg=PA271|archive-date=November 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105142444/https://books.google.com/books?id=uIJXT7ZCTCsC&pg=PA271|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Chalker">{{cite book|author=Rebecca Chalker|author-link=Rebecca Chalker|title=The Clitoral Truth: The Secret World at Your Fingertips|isbn=978-1609800109|publisher=[[Seven Stories Press]]|year=2011|access-date=January 24, 2014|page=95|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3m3_Uq8qWkC&pg=PA95|archive-date=December 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210124734/https://books.google.com/books?id=m3m3_Uq8qWkC&pg=PA95|url-status=live}}</ref>