Editing Fulda (section)

==History==
===Middle Ages===
[[File:Fulda heertor.jpg|The army gate, built around 1150, on the city side of the city palace, from which you walked past the abbot's castle out of the city to get to the Via Regia|thumb]]
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2022}}
{{Main|Princely Abbey of Fulda}}
In 744 [[Saint Sturm]], a disciple of [[Saint Boniface]], founded the [[Benedictine]] [[monastery of Fulda]] as one of Boniface's outposts in the reorganization of the church in [[Carolingian Empire|Germany]].<ref>"The Monastery of Fulda". ''The Catholic World, A Monthly Magazine of General Literature and Science'', (1878). 28 (165). 301-309.</ref> The initial grant for the abbey was signed by [[Carloman (mayor of the palace)|Carloman]], [[Mayor of the Palace]] in [[Austrasia]] (in office 741–47), the son of [[Charles Martel]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yW-GfElbafQC&pg=PA90 Frassetto, Michael. ''Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation'', ABC-CLIO, 2003]</ref> The support of the Mayors of the Palace, and later of the early Pippinid and [[Carolingian]] rulers, was important to Boniface's success. Fulda also received support from many of the leading families of the Carolingian world. Sturm, whose tenure as abbot lasted from 747 until 779, was most likely related to the [[Agilolfings|Agilolfing]] dukes of [[Bavaria]].

Fulda also received large and constant donations from the Etichonids, a leading family in [[Alsace]], and from the [[Conradines]], predecessors of the [[Salian]] [[Holy Roman Emperor]]s. Under Sturm, the donations Fulda received from these and other important families helped in the establishment of daughter-houses near Fulda. In 751, Boniface and his disciple and successor [[Lullus]] obtained an exemption for Fulda, having it placed directly under the [[Papal See]] and making it independent of interference by bishops or worldly princes. The monastery school became a renowned center of learning.<ref name="RM-13">Hraban Maur in ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica Poetaes Latini Aevi Carolingi''II, poem 13.</ref>
[[File:St Boniface - Baptising-Martyrdom - Sacramentary of Fulda - 11Century.jpg|thumb|St Boniface [[baptizing]] and undergoing [[martyr]]dom{{snd}}from the Sacramentary of Fulda]]

After his martyrdom by the [[Frisians|Frisian]]s in 754, the relics of Saint Boniface were brought back to Fulda. Because of the stature this afforded the monastery, the donations increased, and Fulda could establish daughter-houses further away, for example in [[Hamelin]]. Meanwhile, Saint [[Lullus]], successor of Boniface as [[archbishop of Mainz]], tried to absorb the abbey into his archbishopric, but failed.

Between 790 and 819 the community rebuilt the main abbey church to more fittingly house the [[relic]]s. They based their new [[basilica]] on the original 4th-century (since demolished) [[Old St. Peter's Basilica]] in Rome, using the [[transept]] and [[crypt]] plan of that great [[pilgrimage]] church to frame their own saint as the "[[Apostle of the Germans]]".

The crypt of the original abbey church still holds those relics, but the church itself has been subsumed into a [[Baroque]] renovation. A small, 9th-century chapel remains standing within walking distance of the church, as do the foundations of a later women's abbey. [[Rabanus Maurus]] served as abbot at Fulda from 822 to 842.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|wstitle=Hrabanus Maurus Magnentius|volume=13|page=842|inline=1}}</ref> Fulda Abbey owned such works as the ''Res Gestae'' by the fourth-century Roman historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] and the [[Codex Fuldensis]], as well as works by [[Cicero]], [[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]], [[Bede]] and [[Sulpicius Severus]].

===Counter-Reformation===
[[File:Braun Fulda UBHD.jpg|thumb|Fulda in the 16th century]]
Prince-abbot [[Balthasar von Dernbach]] adopted a policy of [[Counter-Reformation]]. In 1571 he called in the [[Jesuits]] to found a school and college. He insisted the members of the chapter should return to a [[Monasticism|monastic]] form of life. Whereas his predecessors had tolerated [[Protestantism]], resulting in most of the citizenry of Fulda and a large portion of the principality's countryside professing [[Lutheranism]], Balthasar ordered his subjects either to return to the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic faith]] or leave his territories.<ref name="counterreform1">Otto Schaffrath. ''Fürstabt Balthasar von Dermbach und seine Zeit. Studien zur Geschichte der Gegenreformation in Fulda'' (= ''Veröffentlichung des Fuldaer Geschichtsvereins''. Bd. 44, {{ZDB|517272-x}}). Parzeller, Fulda 1967, mit umfangreicher Literaturübersicht.{{in lang|de}}</ref> He also ordered the [[Fulda witch trials]], in which hundreds of people, including a number of crypto-Protestants were arrested on charges of witchcraft alongside others.<ref>Stuart Clark, William Monter, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=t1SFPods4DkC&dq=witch+trials+fulda&pg=PA27 Witchcraft and Magic in Europe, Volume 4: The Period of the Witch Trials]''</ref>

===18th and 19th centuries===

The foundation of the abbey of Fulda and its territory originated with an Imperial grant, and the sovereign [[principality]] therefore was subject only to the [[List of German monarchs|German emperor]]. Fulda became a bishopric in 1752 and the [[prince-abbot]]s were given the additional title of [[prince-bishop]]. The prince-abbots (and later prince-bishops) ruled Fulda and the surrounding region until the [[bishopric]] was forcibly dissolved by [[Napoleon I]] in 1802.

The city went through a baroque building campaign in the 18th century, resulting in the current "Baroque City" status. This included a remodeling of [[Fulda Cathedral]] (1704–12)<ref>L. Pfaff: ''Der Dom zu Fulda.'', publ. J. L. Ath, 1855, p.19</ref> and of the ''Stadtschloss'' (Fulda Castle-Palace, 1707–12) by [[Johann Dientzenhofer]]. The city parish church, St. Blasius, was built between 1771 and 1785. In 1764 a [[porcelain]] factory was started in Fulda under Prince-Bishop, Prince-Abbot [[Heinrich von Bibra]], but shortly after his death it was closed down in 1789 by his successor, Prince-Bishop, Prince-Abbot Adalbert von Harstall.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maggetti |first1=Marino |last2=Serneels |first2=Vincent |last3=Stasch |first3=Georg |date=2015-06-01 |title=Composition and technology of 18th century high magnesia faïences from Fulda |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X14000303 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |volume=2 |pages=40–50 |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2014.12.004 |bibcode=2015JArSR...2...40M |issn=2352-409X}}</ref>

The city was given to [[William I of the Netherlands|Prince William Frederick of Orange-Nassau]] (the later King [[William I of the Netherlands]]) in 1803 (as part of the short-lived [[Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda]]), was annexed to the [[Grand Duchy of Berg]] in 1806, and in 1809 to the [[Principality of Frankfurt]]. After the [[Congress of Vienna]] of 1814–15, most of the territory went to the [[Electorate of Hesse]], which [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] annexed in 1866.<ref>{{AmCyc|wstitle=Fulda|inline=1}}
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===20th century===
From 1938 to 1943, Fulda was the location of a Nazi [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] camp for [[Romani people]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tenhumbergreinhard.de/1933-1945-lager-1/1933-1945-lager-f/fulda.html|title=Fulda|access-date=30 October 2021|language=de}}</ref>

Fulda lends its name to the [[Fulda Gap]], a traditional east–west invasion route used by Napoleon I and others. During the [[Cold War]], it was presumed to be an invasion route for any conventional war between [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)|NATO]] and [[Soviet Armed Forces|Soviet forces]]. Downs Barracks in Fulda was the headquarters of the American [[14th Armored Cavalry Regiment]], later replaced by the [[11th Armored Cavalry Regiment]]. The cavalry had as many as 3,000 soldiers from the end of [[World War II]] until 1993. Not all those soldiers were in Fulda proper, but scattered over observation posts and in the cities of [[Bad Kissingen]] and [[Bad Hersfeld]]. The strategic importance of this region, along the border between East and West Germany, led to a large [[United States Army|United States]] and Soviet military presence.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Army|editor1-first=Jerold E.|editor1-last=Brown|year=2001 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport, CT|isbn=9780313293221|pages=209–10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygqNt3ra-vYC&pg=PA209}}</ref>