Editing Fukuoka (section)

==History==
{{for timeline|Timeline of Fukuoka}}

===Early history===
Exchanges from the continent and the Northern Kyushu area date as far back as [[Old Stone Age]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/asia/korean_peninsula/AJ201302010006 |title=Researchers uncover deeper Japan-Korea history on weapons, letters |work=AJW by The Asahi Shimbun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194810/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/asia/korean_peninsula/AJ201302010006 |archive-date=October 29, 2013}}</ref> It has been thought that waves of immigrants arrived in Northern Kyushu from mainland Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://austronesian.alotspace.com/origins%20of%20the%20japanese%20people.htm |title=Austronesia |access-date=July 11, 2013 |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184550/http://austronesian.alotspace.com/origins%20of%20the%20japanese%20people.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> Several [[Kofun]] exist.

Fukuoka was sometimes called the Port of {{Nihongo|[[Dazaifu, Fukuoka|Dazaifu]]|大宰府}}, a reference to the town of Dazaifu {{cvt|15|km|0}} southeast of Fukuoka. Dazaifu was an administrative capital in 663 A.D., and it has been suggested that a prehistoric capital was in the area.<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Takehiko Furuta]] |script-title=ja:失われた九州王朝 |trans-title=A lost Kyushu dynasty |publisher=Asahi Publishing |year=1993}}</ref> Ancient texts, such as the [[Kojiki]], Kanyen (found in Dazaifu) and archaeology confirm this was a critical place in the founding of Japan. Some scholars<ref name="tdh">[http://www.furutasigaku.jp/efuruta/kourine/kourine.html The Truth of Descent from Heaven] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220201054/http://www.furutasigaku.jp/efuruta/kourine/kourine.html |date=December 20, 2016 }}. Yukio Yokota. Retrieved March 19, 2008.</ref> claim that it was the first place outsiders and the Imperial Family set foot, but like many early Japan origin theories, it remains contested. Central Fukuoka is sometimes still referred as [[Hakata-ku, Fukuoka|Hakata]] which is the name of the central ward.

The [[Book of Song]] records that King Bu, thought to be the [[Emperor Yūryaku]], sent a letter in 478 seeking the Chinese emperor's approval for the establishment of three ministries for administration of the kingdom similar to [[Three Ducal Ministers|those in use in China]]; the remains of a ward office and temple in {{Nihongo|Ooho|大保}}, {{cvt|15|km|0}} south from Dazaifu, may be one of these ministries. In addition, remains of the [[Kōrokan]] ({{lang|ja|鴻臚館}}, Government Guest House) were found in Fukuoka underneath a part of the ruins of [[Fukuoka Castle]].

====Historical shrines, temples and related festivals====
In 923, the [[Hakozaki Shrine]] in Fukuoka was established when the god [[Hachiman]] was transferred from the Daibu shrine in [[Honami, Fukuoka|Honami]].<ref>
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616120615/http://yokanavi.com/eg/landmark/index/160 |title=Hakozaki Shrine |work=Fukuoka/Hakata Tourist Information |archive-date=June 16, 2015 |url=http://yokanavi.com/eg/landmark/index/160}}
</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" heights="110" perrow="3" caption="">
File:Hakozaki-miya090806a.jpg|[[Hakozaki Shrine]]
File:Site of middle gate of Former Dazaifu Headquarters 2.jpg|[[Dazaifu (government)|Dazaifu]]
File:Fukuoka Kourokan 2010B.jpg|Korokan
</gallery>

There are several historically important Buddhist temples in Fukuoka. Monks would sail back to Japan from China upon completing their studies and establish temples in the heart of the port city of Hakata (now Fukuoka):
Monk [[Eisai]] founded [[Shōfuku-ji (Fukuoka)|Shōfuku-ji]] which is known today as the oldest zen temple in Japan. Eisai is also known for establishing a new sect of Zen Buddhism ([[Rinzai Zen|Rinzai]]) and for bringing tea and tea culture to Japan.
Monk [[Kukai]] established [[Tocho-ji]], and [[Joten-ji]] was built by [[Enni]] who is also known for bringing Udon noodles first from China to Japan.
[[File:Jotenji01.jpg|thumb|180px|Main Hall of Joten-ji]]

Hakata Gion Yamagata is the most famous festival in Fukuoka and
the origin of it is believed to date back to 1241, when [[Enni]], the founder of Jotenji temple had people carry him around the town on a platform while praying against the plague and eventually getting successfully rid of it.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spots/Hakata Area/ History and Culture/Jotenji temple|url=https://gofukuoka.jp/spots/detail/26915|access-date=2024-03-20|website=Fukuoka Official Tourist Guide}}</ref>

===Mongol invasions (1274–1281)===
{{main|Mongol invasions of Japan}}
[[Kublai Khan]] of the [[Mongol Empire]] turned his attention towards Japan starting in 1268, exerting a new external pressure on Japan with which it had no experience. Kublai Khan first sent an envoy to Japan to make the Shogunate acknowledge Khan's [[suzerainty]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://factsanddetails.com/japan/cat16/sub107/item494.html |title=MONGOL INVASIONS OF JAPAN |access-date=May 22, 2018 |archive-date=March 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305235610/http://factsanddetails.com/japan/cat16/sub107/item494.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Kamakura shogunate]] refused. [[Mongolia]] repeatedly sent envoys thereafter, each time urging the Shogunate to accept their proposal, but to no avail.

In 1274, Kublai Khan mounted an invasion of the northern part of Kyushu with a fleet of 900&nbsp;ships and 33,000&nbsp;troops, including troops from [[Goryeo]] on the [[Korean Peninsula]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wondersandmarvels.com/2015/06/blown-away-the-mongol-invasions-of-japan.html |title=Blown Away: The Mongol Invasions of Japan |date=June 22, 2015 |access-date=May 22, 2018 |archive-date=February 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228045522/http://www.wondersandmarvels.com/2015/06/blown-away-the-mongol-invasions-of-japan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This initial invasion was compromised by a combination of incompetence and severe storms. After the invasion attempt of 1274, Japanese [[samurai]] built a stone barrier {{cvt|20|km|0}} in length bordering the coast of [[Hakata Bay]] in what is now the city of Fukuoka. The wall, 2–3 metres in height and having a base width of 3 meters, was constructed between 1276 and 1277, and was excavated in the 1930s.

Kublai sent another envoy to Japan in 1279. At that time, [[Hōjō Tokimune]] of the [[Hōjō clan]] (1251–1284) was the Eighth Regent. Not only did he decline the offer, but he beheaded the five Mongolian emissaries after summoning them to [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]]. Infuriated, Kublai organized another attack on Fukuoka Prefecture in 1281, mobilizing 140,000&nbsp;soldiers and 4,000&nbsp;ships. The Japanese defenders, numbering around 40,000, were no match for the Mongols and the invasion force made it as far as [[Dazaifu, Fukuoka|Dazaifu]], {{cvt|15|km|0}} south of the city of Fukuoka. However, the Japanese were again aided by severe weather, this time by a [[typhoon]] that struck a crushing blow to the Mongolian troops, thwarting the invasion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamikaze of 1274 and 1281 {{!}} East Asia, Typhoons {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/kamikaze-of-1274-and-1281 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

It was this typhoon that came to be called the ''[[Kamikaze (typhoon)|Kamikaze]]'' (''Divine Wind''), and was the origin of the term [[Kamikaze]] used to indicate [[suicide attacks]] by military aviators of the [[Empire of Japan]] against [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] naval vessels during World War II.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/kamikaze |title=Kamikaze Pilots & Aircraft |date=December 27, 2023  |access-date=January 9, 2024 |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405111035/https://www.britannica.com/topic/kamikaze |url-status=live }}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" heights="110" perrow="3" caption="">
File:Samurai Takezaki Suenaga detail Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba.jpg|[[Takezaki Suenaga]]
File:元寇防塁 (Genkou bourui) - panoramio.jpg|[[Genkō Bōrui]]
</gallery>

===Formation of the modern city (1889)===
Fukuoka was formerly the residence of the powerful ''[[daimyō]]'' of [[Chikuzen Province]], and played an important part in the medieval history of Japan. The renowned temple of [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] in the district was destroyed by fire during the [[Boshin War]] of 1868. <!--(Adapted ''from [[1911 Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.)-->

The modern city was formed on April 1, 1889, with the merger of the former cities of [[Hakata-ku, Fukuoka|Hakata]] and Fukuoka. Historically, Hakata was the port and merchant district, and was more associated with the area's culture and remains the main commercial area today. On the other hand, the Fukuoka area was home to many samurai, and its name has been used since [[Kuroda Nagamasa]], the first ''daimyō'' of Chikuzen Province, named it after his birthplace in [[Okayama Prefecture]]<ref name="fukuoka.lg.jp">{{Cite web |url=http://www.city.fukuoka.lg.jp/promo/english/magazine/sanpo.html |title=A Walk Through History｜FUKUOKA POWER｜Fukuoka City Promotion |access-date=26 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408010136/http://www.city.fukuoka.lg.jp/promo/english/magazine/sanpo.html |archive-date=8 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the "old Fukuoka" is the main shopping district, now called Tenjin.<!--https://museum.city.fukuoka.jp/en/pdf/ccf_history_jp_en.pdf--><ref>{{Cite web |last=touristinjapan |date=2018-05-17 |title=Tenjin Area, shopping heaven in Fukuoka |url=https://www.touristinjapan.com/tenjin-fukuoka/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Tourist in Japan |language=en-US}}</ref>

When Hakata and Fukuoka decided to merge, a meeting was held to decide the name for the new city, and after multiple ties, Fukuoka ultimately was chosen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=福岡市 Hakata Culture vol.4（Fukuoka City or Hakata City？） |url=https://www.city.fukuoka.lg.jp/english/hakataculture/HakataCulture090410_2.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.city.fukuoka.lg.jp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mabon |first1=Leslie |last2=Kondo |first2=Kayoko |last3=Kanekiyo |first3=Hiroyuki |last4=Hayabuchi |first4=Yuriko |last5=Yamaguchi |first5=Asako |date=2019-10-01 |title=Fukuoka: Adapting to climate change through urban green space and the built environment? |journal=Cities |volume=93 |pages=273–285 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2019.05.007 |issn=0264-2751 |pmc=6876680 |pmid=31787795 |quote=In April 1889, the government issued an order for municipalisation, and the towns of Fukuoka and Hakata were merged. ‘Fukuoka’ was chosen as the name for the new city.}}</ref> However, Hakata is still used to refer to the Hakata area of the city and, most famously, to refer to the city's train station, [[Hakata Station]], and [[dialect]], ''[[Hakata dialect|Hakata-ben]]''.

<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" heights="110" perrow="3">
File:Kuroda Nagamasa.jpg|[[Kuroda Nagamasa]]
File:Fukuoka and Hakata.png|Fukuoka and Hakata, c. 1640
File:59 Chikuzen.jpg|[[Chikuzen Province]] ([[Famous Views of the Sixty-odd Provinces]])
File:Fukuoka Castle Simonohasi Otemon gate.JPG|[[Fukuoka Castle]]
</gallery>

===20th century===
*1903: Fukuoka Medical College, a campus associated with [[Kyoto Imperial University]], is founded. In 1911, the college is renamed [[Kyushu University|Kyushu Imperial University]] and established as a separate entity.
*1910: Fukuoka streetcar service begins. (The service ran until 1979.)
*1929: Flights commence along the Fukuoka-[[Osaka]]-Tokyo route.
*1945: Fukuoka was [[Bombing of Fukuoka|firebombed on June 19]], with the attack destroying 21.5 percent of the city's urban area.<ref name="fukuoka.lg.jp" />
*1947: First [[Fukuoka Marathon]].
*1951: Fukuoka airport opens.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fuk-ab.co.jp/english/sp/cont.php?page=gaiyou |title=About Fukuoka Airport / Fukuoka Airport Building Co., Ltd |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222162605/http://www.fuk-ab.co.jp/english/sp/cont.php?page=gaiyou |archive-date=22 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*1953: [[Fukuoka Municipal Zoo and Botanical Garden|Fukuoka Zoo]] opens.
*1975: The city absorbed the town of [[Sawara, Fukuoka|Sawara]].
*1975: [[San'yō Shinkansen|Sanyō Shinkansen]] high-speed railway reaches [[Hakata station]].
*1981: Subway commences service.
*1988: Osaka's pro baseball team, the Nankai Hawks, was moved to Fukuoka and renamed the Fukuoka [[Daiei]] Hawks (renamed the [[Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks]] in 2004).
*1989: Asian-Pacific Exposition is held.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://universiade.fjct.fit.ac.jp/en/fukuoka/history.html |title=History |access-date=December 3, 2013 |archive-date=August 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806115701/http://universiade.fjct.fit.ac.jp/en/fukuoka/history.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*1997: The 30th annual meeting of the [[Asian Development Bank]] was held in Fukuoka.

<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" heights="110" perrow="3" caption="">
File:School of Engineering.jpg|[[Kyushu University]] ([[Imperial Universities|Former Imperial University]])
File:Fukuoka war damage monument.jpg|Fukuoka war damage monument
</gallery>

===21st century===
*2005: Fukuoka subway Nanakuma Line started operations.
*2014: Selected as the National Strategic Zone for "global startups & job creation" by [[Government of Japan|Japanese government]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://japan.kantei.go.jp/96_abe/actions/201403/8kokkasenryaku.html |title=Council on National Strategic Special Zones (The Prime Minister in Action) {{!}} Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-date=January 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127202452/http://japan.kantei.go.jp/96_abe/actions/201403/8kokkasenryaku.html |url-status=live }}</ref>