Editing Fritz Perls (section)

==Life==
Fritz Perls was born in Berlin, Germany, in 1893. He grew up in the bohemian scene in Berlin, participated in [[Expressionism]] and [[Dadaism]], and experienced the turning of the artistic avant-garde toward the revolutionary left. Deployment to the front line, the trauma of war, antisemitism, intimidation, escape, and the Holocaust are further key sources of biographical influence.

He was expected to practice law, following his distinguished uncle Herman Staub, but instead he studied medicine. Perls joined the German Army during World War I and spent time in the trenches. After the war in 1918 he returned to his medical studies graduating two years later, specializing in neuropsychiatry as a medical doctor, and then became an assistant to [[Kurt Goldstein]], who worked with brain injured soldiers. Perls gravitated toward psychoanalysis.

In 1927, Perls became a member of [[Wilhelm Reich]]'s technical seminars in Vienna. Reich's concept of character analysis influenced Perls to a large extent.<ref name=Bocian>{{cite book |last=Bocian |first=Bernd |date=2007 |title=Fritz Perls in Berlin 1893–1933: Expressionismus–Psychoanalyse–Judentum |series=Eine Edition des Gestalt-Instituts Köln / GIK Bildungswerkstatt |location=Wuppertal |publisher=Peter Hammer Verlag |isbn=9783779500865 |oclc=213389953}}</ref>{{rp|205ff}} And in 1930 Reich became Perls' supervising senior analyst in Berlin.<ref name=Garbage>{{cite book |last=Perls |first=Frederick S. |date=1969 |title=In and Out the Garbage Pail |location=Lafayette, Calif. |publisher=Real People Press |isbn=0911226044 |oclc=55257}}</ref>

In 1930, Perls married [[Laura Perls]] (born Lore Posner) and they had two children together, Renate and Stephen. In 1933, soon after the Hitler regime came to power, being of Jewish descent and because of their anti-fascist political activities in the time before,<ref name=Bocian/>{{rp|292}} Perls, Laura, and their eldest child Renate fled to the Netherlands, and one year later they emigrated to South Africa, where Perls started a psychoanalytic training institute. In 1936 he had a brief and unsatisfactory meeting with [[Freud]].<ref name=Bocian/>{{rp|211}}

In 1942, Perls joined the South African army, and he served as an army psychiatrist with the rank of captain until 1946. While in South Africa, Perls was influenced by the "holism" of [[Jan Smuts]]. During this period Fritz Perls co-wrote his first book, ''Ego, Hunger, and Aggression'' (published in 1942 and re-published in 1947). Laura Perls wrote two chapters of the book, although when it was re-published in the United States she was not given any recognition for her work.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wysong |first1=Joe |last2=Rosenfeld |first2=Edward |date=1982 |title=An Oral History of Gestalt Therapy: Interviews with Laura Perls, Isadore From, Erving Polster, Miriam Polster |location=Highland, NY |publisher=Gestalt Journal |isbn=0939266024 |oclc=9281232}}</ref>

Fritz and Laura Perls left South Africa in 1946 and ended up in New York City, where Fritz Perls worked briefly with [[Karen Horney]], and [[Wilhelm Reich]]. After living through a peripatetic episode, during which he lived in Montreal and served as a cruise ship psychiatrist, Perls finally settled in Manhattan. Perls wrote his second book with the assistance of New York intellectual and author, [[Paul Goodman (writer)|Paul Goodman]], who drafted the theoretical second part of the book based upon Perls' hand-written notes. Perls and Goodman were influenced by the work of [[Kurt Lewin]] and [[Otto Rank]]. Along with the experiential first part, written with [[Ralph Hefferline]], the book was entitled ''Gestalt Therapy'' and published in 1951.

Thereafter, Fritz and Laura Perls started the first Gestalt Institute in their Manhattan apartment. Fritz Perls began traveling throughout the United States in order to conduct Gestalt workshops and training.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gestalt.org/fritz.htm|title=Frederick Perls – A Life Chronology|website=www.gestalt.org}}</ref>

In 1960 Fritz Perls left Laura Perls behind in Manhattan and moved to Los Angeles, where he practiced in conjunction with [[Jim Simkin]]. He started to offer workshops at [[Esalen Institute]] in [[Big Sur]], California, in 1963. Perls became interested in [[Zen]] during this period, and incorporated the idea of ''mini-[[satori]]'' (a brief awakening) into his practice. He also traveled to Japan, where he stayed in a Zen monastery.

Eventually, he settled at Esalen, and even built a house on the grounds. One of his students at Esalen was [[Dick Price]], who developed [[Gestalt Practice]], based in large part upon what he learned from Perls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esalen.org/air/essays/dick_price.htm|title=Esalen Founders - Esalen|website=www.esalen.org}}</ref> At Esalen, Perls collaborated with [[Ida Rolf]], founder of [[Rolfing]], to address the relationship between the mind and the body.<ref name=Garbage/><ref name= "Claire">{{cite book |last= Claire |first= Thomas |year= 1995 |title= Bodywork: What Type of Massage to Get and How to Make the Most of It |url= https://archive.org/details/bodywork00thom |url-access= registration |publisher= [[William Morrow and Co.]] |pages= [https://archive.org/details/bodywork00thom/page/40 40–56] |isbn= 9781591202325}}</ref>

Perls has been widely cited outside the realm of [[psychotherapy]] for a quotation often described as the "[[Gestalt prayer]]":

{{Blockquote|I do my thing and you do your thing.
I am not in this world to live up to your expectations,<br>
and you are not in this world to live up to mine.<br>
You are you, and I am I,<br>
and if by chance we find each other, it's beautiful.<br>
If not, it can't be helped.
|source=Fritz Perls, ''Gestalt Therapy Verbatim'', 1969}}

In 1969 Perls left Esalen and started a Gestalt community at [[Lake Cowichan]] on [[Vancouver Island]], Canada. There, he hosted eight educational films on his gestalt therapy, which were directed by Stanley Fox for Aquarian Productions, a film production company started by Perls associate Norman Hirt.<ref>{{cite web | last= | first= | date=January 12, 2016 | url=https://atom.archives.sfu.ca/msc-98 | title=Collection MsC-98&nbsp;– Fritz Perls film collection | work=SFU AtoM | publisher=Simon Fraser University | archiveurl= | archivedate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Perls | first=Fritz | date=1981 | orig-date=1973 | url=https://archive.org/details/gestaltapproache00fred/page/n5/ | title=The Gestalt Approach and Eye Witness to Therapy | publisher=Bantam Books | page=iv | isbn=0553205404 | via=the Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Hall | first=A. H. | date=March 13, 1969 | url=https://archive.org/details/governmentgazett0109gove_p0z2/page/731/ | title=Notice Is Hereby Given | journal=The British Columbia Gazette | publisher=Government of British Columbia | volume=109 | issue=11 | page=731 | via=the Internet Archive}}</ref>

Fritz Perls died of heart failure in Chicago, on March 14, 1970, after heart surgery at the Louis A. Weiss Memorial Hospital.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/03/17/archives/dr-frederick-perls-76-dead-devised-gestalt-psychotherapy.html|title=Dr. Frederick Perls, 76, Dead; Devised Gestalt Psychotherapy|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 17, 1970}}</ref>