Editing Fritillaria (section)

== Description ==
{{multiple image
| header    = Morphology
| align     = left
| direction = vertical
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| width = 130
| image3    = Fritillaria meleagris - kockás kotuliliom.jpg
| caption3  = ''[[Fritillaria meleagris|F meleagris]]'' with [[campanulate]] [[perianth]] and [[tesselated]] segments
| alt3      = Flower of Fritillaria meleagris showing bell shaped perianth with tesselated segments
| width3    = 600
| image2    = Fritillaria drenovskii.jpg
| caption2  = Stem and leaves: ''[[Fritillaria drenovskii|F. drenovskii]]''
| alt2      = Leaves and flower stem of Fritillaria drenovskii
| width2    = 396
| image4    = Kievitsbloem.jpg
| caption4  = Section through flower of ''F. meleagris''
| alt4      = Section through Fritillaria flower
| width4    = 532
| image1    = Fritillaria uva-vulpisBulb.tif
| caption1  = Bulb: ''[[Fritillaria uva-vulpis|F. uva-vulpis]]''
| alt1      = Bulb of Fritillaria uva-vulpis
| width1    = 634
| image5    = Fritillaria involucrata 16052003 2.JPG
| caption5  = Internal structures: ''[[Fritillaria involucrata|F. involucrata]]''
| alt5      = Inside flower of Fritillaria involucrata
| width5    = 640
| image6    = Fritillaria imperialis 2016-05-20 1170.jpg
| caption6  = Fruit: ''[[Fritillaria imperialis|F. imperialis]]''
| alt6      = Fruit of Fritillaria imperialis
| width6    = 800
| image7    = Fritillaria pallidiflora (Seeds).jpg
| caption7  = Seeds: ''[[Fritillaria pallidiflora|F. pallidiflora]]''
| alt7      = Seeds of Fritillaria pallidiflora
| width7    = 480
}}

=== General ===
''Fritillaria'' is a [[genus]] of [[perennial]] [[herbaceous]] [[bulb]]iferous [[geophytes]], dying back after flowering to an underground storage bulb from which they regrow in the following year.{{sfn|Day et al|2014}} It is [[phenotypic trait|characterised]] by nodding (pendant) flowers, [[perianths]] [[campanulate]] (bell- or cup-shaped) with erect segments in upper part, a [[nectarial]] pit, groove or pouch at the base of the [[tepal]], [[anthers]] usually pseudobasifixed, rarely versatile, [[fruit]] sometimes winged, [[embryo]] minute.{{sfn|Tamura|1998}}

=== Specific ===
==== Vegetative ====

; Bulbs
The bulbs are typically [[Tunica (biology)|tunicate]], consisting of a few tightly packed fleshy scales with a translucent [[tunica (biology)|tunic]] that disappears with further growth of the bulb. However, some species (''F. imperialis'', ''F. persica'') have naked bulbs with many scales and loosely attached [[Bulbs#Bulbils|bulbils]], resembling those of the closely related ''[[Lilium]]'',{{sfn|Rønsted et al|2005}} although ''F. persica'' has only a single scale.{{sfn|Tamura|1998}}

; Stems and leaves
The stems have few or many [[cauline]] [[leaves]] (arising from the stem) that are [[Opposite (leaf)|opposite]] on the stem or [[verticillate]] (arranged in [[Whorl (botany)|whorls]]), sometimes with a [[cirrhose]] apex (ending in a [[tendril]]).{{sfn|Tamura|1998}}

==== Reproductive ====

; Inflorescence and flowers
The [[inflorescence]] bears [[flowers]] that are often solitary and nodding, but some form [[umbels]] or have [[racemes]] with many flowers. The flowers are usually [[actinomorphic]] (radially symmetric), but weakly zygomorphic (single plane of symmetry) in ''[[Fritillaria gibbosa|F. gibbosa]]'' and ''F. ariana''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kiani |first1=Mahmoud |last2=Mohammadi |first2=Shirin |last3=Babaei |first3=Alireza |last4=Sefidkon |first4=Fatemeh |last5=Naghavi |first5=Mohamad Reza |last6=Ranjbar |first6=Mojtaba |last7=Razavi |first7=Seyed Ali |last8=Saeidi |first8=Keramatollah |last9=Jafari |first9=Hadi |last10=Asgari |first10=Davoud |last11=Potter |first11=Daniel |title=Iran supports a great share of biodiversity and floristic endemism for Fritillaria spp. (Liliaceae): A review |journal=Plant Diversity |date=October 2017 |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=245–262 |doi=10.1016/j.pld.2017.09.002 |pmid=30159518 |pmc=6112302 |s2cid=52121528 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017PlDiv..39..245K }}</ref> The campanulate perianth has six [[tepals]], in two free whorls of three ([[trimerous]]), that can be white, yellow, green, purple or reddish. The erect segments are usually [[tesselated]] with squares of alternating light and dark colours. While the tepals are usually the same size in both whorls, in ''[[Fritillaria pallidiflora|F. pallidiflora]]'', the outer tepals are wider. The tepals have nectarial pits, grooves (''F. sewerzowii'') or pouches at their base. In ''F. persica'' the nectarial pouch is developed into a short spur. The [[Perianth|perigonal]] [[nectaries]] are large and well developed, and in most species (with the exception of subgenus ''Rhinopetalum''), are linear to [[lanceolate]] or [[Glossary of leaf morphology#ovate|ovate]] and weakly impressed upon the tepals.{{sfn|Tamura|1998}} [[Extrafloral nectaries]] are present at least the northwest American species accoring to Mizell 2004.{{sfn|Weber|Keeler|2012}}

; [[Gynoecium]]
The flowers are [[bisexual flowers|bisexual]], containing both male (androecium) and female (gynoecium) characteristics. The [[pistil]] has three carpels (tricarpellary). The [[ovary (botany)|ovaries]] are hypogynous (superior, that is attached above the other floral parts). The [[ovule]] is [[ovule#Ovule parts and development|anatropous]] in orientation and has two [[ovule#Integuments, micropyle and chalaza|integuments]] (bitegmic), the [[micropyle (botany)|micropyle]] (opening) being formed from the inner integument, while the [[nucellus]] is small. The [[embryo sac]] or megagametophyte is tetrasporic, in which all four [[megaspores]] survive. The [[Style (botany)|style]] is trilobate to trifid (in 3 parts) and the surface of the [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]] is wet.{{sfn|Tamura|1998}}

; [[Androecium]]
[[Stamens]] are six, in two trimerous whorls of three, and diplostemonous (outer whorl of stamens opposite outer tepals and the inner whorl opposite inner tepals). Filaments [[Glossary of botanical terms#filiform|filiform]] or slightly flattened, but sometimes [[papillose]] and rarely hairy (''F. karelinii''). Anthers are linear to ellipsoid, but rarely [[subglobose]] (''F. persica'') in shape, and their attachment to the filament is usually pseudobasifixed (connective tissue extends in a tube around the filament tip), rarely attached at the centre and free (dorsifixed versatile; ''F. fusca'' and some ''Liliorhiza'' species). In contrast, pseudobasifixed anthers can not move freely. The [[pollen]] grains are spheroidal and reticulate (net like pattern), with individual brochi (lumina within reticulations) of 4–5&nbsp;μm.{{sfn|Tamura|1998}}

; Fruit and seeds
The [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] is obovoid to globose, [[loculicidal]] and six-angled, sometimes with wings. The [[seeds]] are flattened with a marginal wing, the seed coat made out of both integuments, but the testa is thin and the [[endosperm]] lacks starch. The [[Embryo#Plant embryos|embryo]] is small.{{sfn|Tamura|1998}}{{sfn|Dahlgren et al|1985}}

=== Phytochemistry ===

Fritillaria, like other members of the family Liliaceae, contain [[Flavonols|flavonol glycosides]] and tri- and [[diferulic acid|diferulic-acid]] [[sucrose esters]],{{sfn|Tamura|1998}} [[steroidal alkaloids]], [[saponins]] and [[terpenoids]] that have formed the active ingredients in traditional medicine (''see [[#traditional|Traditional medicine]]'').{{sfn|Hao et al|2013}} Certain species have flowers that emit disagreeable odors that have been referred to as phenolic, putrid, sulfurous, sweaty and skunky.{{sfn|Chiang|2016}} The [[scent]] of ''[[Fritillaria imperialis]]'' has been called "rather nasty", while that of ''[[Fritillaria agrestis|F. agrestis]]'', known commonly as stink bells, is reminiscent of [[Feces|canine feces]]. On the other hand, ''[[Fritillaria striata|F. striata]]'' has a sweet fragrance.{{sfn|McGary|2012}} The "foxy" odor of ''F. imperialis'' has been identified as 3-methyl-2-butene-1-thiol (dimethylallyl mercaptan), an [[alkylthiol]].{{sfn|Helsper et al|2006}}

=== Genome ===

''Fritillaria'' represents one of the most extreme cases of [[genome]] size expansion in [[angiosperms]]. [[Polyploidy]] is rare, with nearly all species being [[diploid]] and only occasional reports of triploidy.{{sfn|Day et al|2014}} Reported [[genome size]] in ''Fritillaria'' vary from [[C-value|1Cx]] ([[DNA]] content of unreplicated [[haploid]] chromosome complement) values of 30.15 to 85.38&nbsp;Gb (Giga [[base pair]]s), that is >&nbsp;190 times that of ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]'', which has been called the "model plant"{{sfn|Day et al|2014}} and >&nbsp;860 times that of ''[[Genlisea aurea]]'', which represents the smallest land plant genome [[sequenced]] to date.{{sfn|Kelly et al|2015}} Giant genome size is generally defined as >35&nbsp;pg (34&nbsp;Gb).{{sfn|Leitch|2017}} The largest genomes in diploid ''Fritillaria'' are found in subgenus ''Japonica'', exceeding 85&nbsp;Gb.{{sfn|Day et al|2014}} At least one species, tetraploid ''[[Fritillaria assyriaca|F. assyriaca]]'', has a very large genome. With approximately 127&nbsp;[[picogram|pg]] (130&nbsp;Gb), it was for a long time the largest known genome, exceeding the largest [[vertebrate]] animal genome known to date, that of the [[marbled lungfish]] (''Protopterus aethiopicus''), in size.{{sfn|Science Daily|2010}} [[Heterochromatin]] levels vary by [[biogeographic]] region, with very little in [[Old World]] and abundant levels in [[New World]] species. Most species have a basic [[chromosome number]] of x=12, but x=9, 11 and 13 have been reported.{{sfn|Rønsted et al|2005}}
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