Editing Fremantle (section)

== History ==
=== Indigenous Australians ===
The original inhabitants of the land on which the city is built are the [[Whadjuk]] [[Noongar]] people, who called the area ''Walyalup''<ref>{{cite web|title=Walyalup women weavers|url=http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/now_showing/first_australians/resistance/fanny_balbuk/walyalup_women_weavers/|publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]]|access-date=18 December 2010|archive-date=7 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107190435/http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/now_showing/first_australians/resistance/fanny_balbuk/walyalup_women_weavers/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ("place of the [[woylie]]").<ref name=walyallup/> To the local Noongar people, Fremantle is a place of ceremonies, significant cultural practices and trading. For millennia the [[Noongar]] people met there in spring and autumn to feast on fish and game.<ref name="dada10" />{{rp|11}}

Anglesea Point and the [[limestone]] hill area at [[Arthur Head]] (where the [[Round House (Western Australia)|Round House]] prison stands) to Point Marquis was called ''Manjaree'', an important meeting place<ref>[http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/welcomewalls/history History: Migration to Fremantle] at the [[Western Australian Museum]] Welcome Walls</ref> where bush paths converged and a major trading place for Whadjuk and neighbouring Noongars. Today, Whadjuk and other Noongars continue to gather and meet in ''Walyalup'' and at ''Manjaree''.

=== European settlement and convict era ===
{{See also|Swan River Colony|Convict era of Western Australia}}
{{Multiple image
 | align     = right
 | direction = vertical
 | width     = 215
 | image1    = Fremantle-RoundHouse.jpg
 | caption1  = Completed in 1831, the [[Round House (Western Australia)|Round House]] is the oldest public building in Western Australia. It can be seen atop [[Arthur Head]] in the painting below.
 | image2    = Jane Eliza Currie - Panorama of the Swan River Settlement, 1831.jpg
 | caption2  = Jane Eliza Currie (wife of explorer [[Mark John Currie]]), ''Panorama of the Swan River Settlement'', {{circa|1831}}
}}
The first Europeans to visit the site of modern-day Fremantle were Dutch explorers captained by [[Willem de Vlamingh]], in 1697. They mapped the area and went up the Swan River, and Vlamingh reported that it would be an ideal place for a settlement, although no attempts were made at the time.

The area was considered as a site for possible British settlement in 1827, when [[Captain James Stirling]], in {{HMS|Success|1825|6}}, explored the coastal areas near the Swan River. His favourable report was welcomed by the British Government, who had for some time been suspicious of French colonial intentions towards the western portion of Australia. As a result of Stirling's report, Captain [[Charles Fremantle]] of {{HMS|Challenger|1826|6}}, a 603-ton, 28-gun frigate, was instructed to sail to the west coast of Australia to establish a settlement there.<ref>Jackson, K. (1984). Fremantle, Western Australia, p. 7</ref>

On 2 May 1829, Fremantle hoisted the [[Union Flag]] in a bay near what is now known as Arthur Head, and in accordance with his instructions, took formal possession "of the whole of the West Coast of [[New Holland (Australia)|New Holland]]" in the name of Britain's [[George IV of the United Kingdom|King George IV]].<ref>Fremantle-the beginning (1972) In Gateway June 1973, £ol.2, No. 1, p. 12.</ref> [[Western Australia Day]] (formerly Foundation Day) is observed on the first Monday in June, although it was actually on 2 June 1829 that Captain [[James Stirling (Australian governor)|James Stirling]] on {{ship||Parmelia|barque|2}} arrived with Surveyor-General Roe and the first contingent of immigrants to set up the Swan River Colony.<ref>Hitchcock, J.K. (1927). Fremantle, 1829–49, found in Early Days, Vol. 1, Part 1, p. 11</ref> The settlement of [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] began on 12 August 1829. Captain Fremantle left the colony on 25 August after providing much assistance to Stirling in setting up the colony. It was then that Stirling decided to name the port settlement "Fremantle".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Appleyard |first1=Reginald Thomas |last2=Manford |first2=Toby |year=1979 |title=The Beginning: European Discovery and Early Settlement of Swan River Western Australia |location=Nedlands |publisher=University of Western Australia Press |isbn=0-85564-146-0 |oclc=6423026 }}</ref> In early September 1829, the merchant vessel ''Anglesea'' grounded at Gage [[Roadstead|Roads]], at the mouth of the [[Swan River (Western Australia)|Swan River]]. She did not break up, as had been expected, but instead survived to become Western Australia's first [[prison ship|prison hulk]].<ref>Goulding (2007), p.14.</ref> {{ship||Lotus|1826 ship|2}}, which arrived on 10 October 1829, became the second vessel to land immigrants at Fremantle.<ref>Favenc (1908), p.242.</ref>

On 1 June 1850, the first convicts arrived at Fremantle aboard {{ship||Scindian||2}}. The thirty-seventh and last convict ship to dock at Fremantle was {{ship||Hougoumont|ship|2}} on 10 January 1868, signalling the end of [[penal transportation]] to Australia. Among the 280 convicts on board were 62 [[Fenian]] military and political prisoners—members of the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]]—six of whom managed to escape the Convict Establishment in the [[Catalpa rescue]] of 1876.<ref>[http://www.fremantleprison.com.au/History/theconvictera/characters/thefenians/Pages/default.aspx The Fenians]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702194517/http://www.fremantleprison.com.au/History/theconvictera/characters/thefenians/Pages/default.aspx |date=2 July 2014 }}, FremantlePrison.com.au. Retrieved 9 December 2011.</ref> During this period, notorious South Sea pirate [[Bully Hayes]] lived in Fremantle with his fiancée Miss Scott, daughter of the Fremantle Harbour Master.<ref>[[Frank Clune|Clune, Frank]]. ''Captain Bully Hayes: Blackbirder and Bigamist''. Perth: [[Hesperian Press]], 1997. {{ISBN|0-85905-239-7}}, p. 11</ref>

=== Gateway to the West ===
{{See also|Fremantle Harbour|Western Australian gold rushes}}

[[File:CY OConnor Statue Fremantle.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pietro Porcelli]]'s statue of engineer [[C. Y. O'Connor]], who designed Fremantle Harbour, at Fremantle Port]]

In 1897, Irish-born engineer [[C. Y. O'Connor]] deepened Fremantle Harbour and removed the [[limestone]] bar and sand shoals across the entrance to the Swan River, thus rendering Fremantle a serviceable port for commercial shipping.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shawfactor.com/gazetteer/western-australia/fremantle/|title=Local history of Fremantle|author=Shawfactor|date=7 May 2014 }}</ref> This occurred at the height of the late 19th-century [[Western Australian gold rush]], transforming Fremantle into a capital of trade and gateway for thousands of gold miners to the inland boom towns of [[Coolgardie, Western Australia|Coolgardie]], [[Kalgoorlie]] and [[Southern Cross, Western Australia|Southern Cross]]. Camels and their [[Afghan (Australia)|Afghan]] drivers were familiar sights, and [[by-law]]s regulating the driving of camels through the streets of Fremantle were enacted.<ref>Stevens, Christine (2002). ''Tin Mosques and Ghan Towns: A History of Afghan Camel Drivers in Australia''. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 109–112. {{ISBN|0-9581760-0-0}}.</ref>

The wealth generated during this period resulted in the construction of many pubs, hotels, banks, warehouses, import-export businesses and shipping companies throughout Fremantle, and in 1905, the [[trams in Fremantle|Fremantle tram network]] opened.

In 1919, [[1919 Fremantle Wharf riot|a deadly clash]] between striking waterside workers and police took place at Fremantle Harbour.

===Naval operations===
{{Further|Fremantle submarine base}}
During the [[Second World War]], Fremantle was the home of the largest base for Allied submarines in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], and the second largest in the [[Pacific War]] after [[Pearl Harbor]].<ref>Cairns, Lynn. ''Secret Fleets: Fremantle's World War II Submarine Base''. [[Western Australian Museum]], 2011. {{ISBN|1-920843-52-3}}.</ref> In the lead-up to and during the war, the port's existing batteries were upgraded and new ones were constructed, forming a coastal defence system referred to as [[Fremantle Fortress]]. There were up to 125 US, 31 [[Royal Navy|British]] and 11 [[Military history of the Netherlands during World War II#The Netherlands East Indies|Free Dutch]] submarines [[Allied submarines in the Pacific War|operating out of Fremantle]],<ref>Cairns, L. (1995) Fremantle's secret fleets.</ref> until the Americans moved forward to the [[Philippines]]. One of the first US submarines to arrive in Fremantle, the [[USS Sargo (SS-188)|USS ''Sargo'' (SS-188)]], was bombed by an Australian [[Lockheed Hudson]], which mistook it for a Japanese vessel.<ref>Dowson, J. (2003). ''Old Fremantle''. Crawley, W.A: University of Western Australia Press. pp 214.</ref> The movements and presence of [[USS Sturgeon (SS-187)|USS ''Sturgeon'' (SS-187)]] is a good example of such activity.

Fremantle was considered a "veritable [[Shangri-La|Shangri-la]]"<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sturma|first1=Michael|title=Death at a Distance: The Loss of The Legendary USS Harder|date=2006|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-61251-432-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=408MhbuG4jQC&pg=PT39}}</ref> among submariners during the war, however tensions between transient American and non-American soldiers often led to alcohol-fuelled violence. On 11 April 1944, a brawl between American and New Zealand servicemen at the [[National Hotel (Fremantle)|National Hotel]] resulted in many injuries and the death from stab wounds of two [[Māori people|Māori]] soldiers.<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44814146 Soldiers' deaths: Coroner's finding] [[The West Australian]], 28 June 1944, p.4, at [[NLA Trove|Trove]]</ref><ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page7416425 Maoris Tell Vivid Stories Of Fremantle Stabbing Brawl Which Ended In Two Deaths] The Mirror, Perth, 1 July 1944, at [[NLA Trove|Trove]]</ref>

===Post-Second World War===
[[File:Fremantle (2052458578).jpg|thumb|The [[Western Australian Museum#Western Australian Museum – Maritime and Western Australian Museum - Shipwreck Galleries|WA Maritime Museum]] building on [[Victoria Quay, Fremantle|Victoria Quay]]]]
After Australia won the 1983 [[America's Cup]] yacht race, Fremantle hosted Australia's defence of the trophy in 1987. The series was held in Gage Roads and significantly boosted the local economy and tourism. A new Fremantle marina, [[Challenger Harbour]], was built alongside the existing Fishing Boat Harbour.

The City of Fremantle introduced several urban renewal projects in 2012, encouraging [[mixed-use development]] by increasing the maximum building height on key sites in the CBD, including [[Kings Square, Fremantle|Kings Square]] and the inner East End.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|title=City Centre urban renewal (Amendment 49)|url=http://www.fremantle.wa.gov.au/cityoffremantle/Projectsmajor/City_Centre_urban_renewal_Amendment_49|work=City of Fremantle|access-date=26 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329173740/http://www.fremantle.wa.gov.au/cityoffremantle/Projectsmajor/City_Centre_urban_renewal_Amendment_49|archive-date=29 March 2013}}</ref> In January 2013, the City of Fremantle became the first council in Australia to [[phase-out of lightweight plastic bags|outlaw the use]] of non-degradable [[plastic shopping bag|plastic bags]] within their local area.<ref>Zaw, Yolanda (31 January 2013). [https://archive.today/20130217025421/http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/breaking/16031231/freo-bans-plastic-bags/ "Freo bans plastic bags"], ''[[The West Australian]]''. Retrieved 4 February 2013.</ref>

Fremantle still serves as the chief general seaport for Western Australia, though far greater tonnages are exported from the iron-ore ports of the [[Pilbara]].