Editing Frederick, Maryland (section)

==History==
===Pre-colonization===
[[File:Catoctin Mountain view near Frederick, MD IMG 4656.JPG|thumb|left|[[Catoctin Mountain]], located north of Frederick]]
Located where [[Catoctin Mountain]] (the easternmost ridge of the [[Blue Ridge Mountains]]) meets the rolling hills of the Piedmont region, the Frederick area became a crossroads long before European explorers and traders arrived. Native American hunters (possibly including the [[Susquehannock]]s, the Algonquian-speaking [[Shawnee]], or the [[Seneca people|Seneca]] or [[Tuscarora people|Tuscarora]] or other members of the [[Iroquois Confederation]]) followed the [[Monocacy River]] from the [[Susquehanna River]] watershed in Pennsylvania to the [[Potomac River]] watershed and the lands of the more agrarian and maritime [[Algonquian peoples]], particularly the [[Lenape]] of the Delaware valley or the [[Piscataway tribe|Piscataway]] and [[Powhatan]] of the lower Potomac watershed and Chesapeake Bay. This became known as the Monocacy Trail or even the [[Great Indian Warpath]], with some travelers continuing southward through the "[[Great Appalachian Valley]]" ([[Shenandoah Valley]], etc.) to the western [[Piedmont (United States)|Piedmont]] in [[North Carolina]], or traveling down other watersheds in Virginia toward the [[Chesapeake Bay]], such as those of the [[Rappahannock River|Rappahannock]], [[James River|James]], and [[York River (Virginia)|York River]]s.

===Colonial era===
[[File:Evangelical Lutheran on East Church Street - panoramio.jpg|thumb|upright|Evangelical Lutheran church in Frederick, built in 1752]]
The earliest European settlement was slightly north of Frederick in [[Monocacy, Maryland]]. Monocacy was founded before 1730 (when the Indian trail became a wagon road) and was abandoned before the [[American Revolutionary War]], likely due to the river's periodic flooding, hostilities predating the [[French and Indian War]], or simply Frederick's better location with easier access to the Potomac River near its confluence with the Monocacy.

[[Daniel Dulany the Elder|Daniel Dulany]], a land speculator, laid out what was initially called Frederick Town by 1745.<ref>See for example the ''Overall history of Frederick'', pp. 2–6</ref><ref>NRIS F-03-039 at section 8 p.2 available at http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/010000/010400/010482/pdf/msa_se5_10482.pdf</ref> Three years earlier, [[All Saints Church (Frederick, Maryland)|All Saints Church]] had been founded on a hilltop near a warehouse/trading post.<ref>Herb Wolf III, Houses of Worship in Frederick, Maryland: a 250 Year History 1745-1995 (Baltimore: Gateway Press, Inc., 1995) p. 3</ref> Sources disagree as to which Frederick the town was named for, but the likeliest candidates are [[Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore]] (one of the proprietors of Maryland<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnr.state.md.us/publiclands/ftfrederickhistory.html|title=Fort Frederick State Park History|publisher=[[Maryland Department of Natural Resources]]|access-date=October 7, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005164303/http://www.dnr.state.md.us/publiclands/ftfrederickhistory.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=October 5, 2007}}</ref>), [[Frederick, Prince of Wales|Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mdmunicipal.org/cities/index.cfm?townname=Frederick&page=home|title=Frederick, Maryland|publisher=Maryland Municipal League|access-date=October 9, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021105716/http://mdmunicipal.org/cities/index.cfm?townname=Frederick&page=home|archive-date=October 21, 2007}}</ref> and [[Frederick the Great]], King of Prussia.

In 1748, Frederick County was formed by carving a section off of [[Prince George's County, Maryland|Prince George's County]]. Frederick Town (now Frederick) was made the county seat of [[Frederick County, Maryland|Frederick County]].<ref>Louis B. O'Donoghue, Gazetter of Old, Odd & Obscure Place Names of Frederick County, Maryland (Historical Society of Frederick County, Inc., 2008) p. 85</ref> The county originally extended to the Appalachian mountains (areas further west being disputed between the colonies of [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia]] and [[Colony of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]] until 1789). The current town's first house was built by a young [[Calvinist|German Reformed]] schoolmaster from the [[Palatinate (region)|Rhineland Palatinate]] named Johann Thomas Schley (died 1790), who led a party of immigrants (including his wife, Maria Von Winz) to the Maryland colony. The Palatinate settlers bought land from Dulany on the banks of [[Carroll Creek (Maryland)|Carroll Creek]], and Schley's house stood at the northwest corner of Middle Alley and East Patrick Street into the 20th century. Schley's settlers also founded a German [[Reformed Church]] (today known as Evangelical Reformed Church, and part of the [[United Church of Christ|UCC]]). Probably the oldest house still standing in Frederick today is [[Schifferstadt (Frederick, Maryland)|Schifferstadt]], built in 1756 by German settler Joseph Brunner and now the Schifferstadt Architectural Museum.

Schley's group was among the many [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] (ethnic Germans) (as well as [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scots-Irish]] and [[French people|French]] and later [[Irish people|Irish]]) who migrated south and westward in the late-18th century. Frederick was an important stop along the migration route that became known as the [[Great Wagon Road]], which came down from [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]] and [[Emmitsburg, Maryland]] and continued south following the [[Great Appalachian Valley]] through [[Winchester, Virginia|Winchester]] and [[Roanoke, Virginia]]. Another important route continued along the Potomac River from near Frederick, to [[Hagerstown, Maryland|Hagerstown]], where it split. One branch crossed the Potomac River near [[Martinsburg, West Virginia]] and continued down into the Shenandoah valley. The other continued west to [[Cumberland, Maryland]], and ultimately crossed the [[Appalachian Mountains]] into the watershed of the [[Ohio River]]. Thus, British [[Edward Braddock|General Edward Braddock]] marched his troops (including the youthful [[George Washington]]) west in 1755 through Frederick on the way to their fateful ambush near [[Fort Duquesne]] (later [[Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)|Fort Pitt]], then [[Pittsburgh]]) during the [[French and Indian War]]. However, the British after the [[Proclamation of 1763]] restricted that westward migration route until after the [[American Revolutionary War]]. Other westward migrants continued south from Frederick to Roanoke along the Great Wagon Road, crossing the Appalachians into [[Kentucky]] and [[Tennessee]] at the [[Cumberland Gap]] near the Virginia/North Carolina border.

Other German settlers in Frederick were [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America|Evangelical Lutherans]], led by Rev. [[Henry Muhlenberg]]. They moved their mission church from Monocacy to what became a large complex a few blocks further down Church Street from the Anglicans and the German Reformed Church. Methodist missionary [[Robert Strawbridge]], who accepted an invitation to preach at Frederick town in 1770, and [[Francis Asbury]], who arrived two years later, both helped found a congregation which became Calvary Methodist Church, worshipping in a log building from 1792 (although superseded by larger buildings in 1841, 1865, 1910 and 1930).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.calvaryumc.org/about-us/our-building |title=Calvary United Methodist Church › Our Building |access-date=June 15, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715074906/http://www.calvaryumc.org/about-us/our-building/ |archive-date=July 15, 2014}}</ref> Frederick also had a [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]] mission, to which Rev. [[John Dubois|Jean DuBois]] was assigned in 1792, which became [[St. John the Evangelist Catholic Church (Frederick, Maryland)|St. John the Evangelist Church]] (built in 1800).

To control this crossroads during the [[American Revolution]], the British garrisoned a German [[Hessian (soldiers)|Hessian]] regiment in the town; {{as of |2011 |alt=the war (the stone, L-shaped "[[Hessian Barracks]]" still stand).}}

===Early 19th century===
As the county seat for Western Maryland, Frederick not only was an important market town but also the seat of justice. Although [[Montgomery County, Maryland|Montgomery County]] and [[Washington County, Maryland|Washington County]] were split off from Frederick County in 1776, Frederick remained the seat of the smaller (though still large) county. Important lawyers who practiced in Frederick included [[John Hanson]], [[Francis Scott Key]] and [[Roger B. Taney]].

Frederick was also known during the nineteenth century for its religious pluralism, with one of its main thoroughfares, Church Street, hosting about a half dozen major churches. In 1793, All Saints Church hosted the first confirmation of an American citizen, by the newly consecrated Episcopal Bishop [[Thomas Claggett]]. That original colonial building was replaced in 1814 by a brick classical revival structure. It still stands today, although the principal worship space has become an even larger brick gothic church joining it at the back and facing Frederick's City Hall (so the parish remains the oldest Episcopal Church in western Maryland).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allsaintsmd.org/history/|title=History of All Saints' Episcopal Church in Frederick, Maryland|first=Lee|last=Emmons|website=All Saints' Episcopal Church|access-date=January 24, 2024|archive-date=January 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124182233/https://allsaintsmd.org/history/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The main Catholic church, dedicated to St. John the Evangelist, was built in 1800, then rebuilt in 1837 (across the street) one block north of Church Street on East Second Street, where it still stands along with a school and convent established by the [[Visitation Sisters]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stjohn-frederick.org/aboutus.asp|title=St. John the Evangelist, Roman Catholic Church – Frederick, Maryland|access-date=December 16, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212013640/http://www.stjohn-frederick.org/aboutus.asp|archive-date=December 12, 2007}}</ref> The stone Evangelical Lutheran Church of 1752 was also rebuilt and enlarged in 1825, then replaced by the current twin-spired structure in 1852.<ref>tablet inscription on wall</ref>

The oldest [[African-Americans|African-American]] church in the town is Asbury United Methodist Church, founded as the Old Hill Church, a mixed congregation in 1818. It became an African-American congregation in 1864, renamed Asbury Methodist Episcopal Church in 1870, and built its current building on All Saints Street in 1921.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asburyumcfmd.org/about-us/who-we-are/|title=Asbury United Methodist Church » Who We Are}}</ref>

Together, these churches dominated the town, set against the backdrop of the first ridge of the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachians]] at [[Catoctin Mountain]]. The abolitionist poet [[John Greenleaf Whittier]] later immortalized this view of Frederick in his poem to "[[Barbara Fritchie]]": "The clustered spires of Frederick stand/Green-walled by the hills of Maryland."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/householdbookpo00unkngoog|quote=the clustered spires of frederick stand.|title=The Household Book of Poetry|editor-last=Dana|editor-first=Charles Anderson|publisher=D. Appleton|year=1879|pages=[https://archive.org/details/householdbookpo00unkngoog/page/n424 381]–382}}</ref>

When [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Thomas Jefferson]] commissioned [[National Road]] from [[Baltimore]] toward [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], eventually built to [[Vandalia, Illinois|Vandalia]], then the state capital of Illinois, National Pike ran through Frederick along Patrick Street; it later became [[U.S. Route 40 in Maryland|U.S. Route 40]]. Frederick's Jacob Engelbrecht corresponded with Jefferson in 1824 and received a transcribed psalm from Jefferson in return. Engelbrecht kept a diary from 1819 through 1878, which remains an important first-hand account of 19th century life on  National Road.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=FOEA-print-04-02-02-4075 |title=From Thomas Jefferson to Jacob Engelbrecht, 25 February 1824 |website=Founders Early Access |publisher=The University of Virginia Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bookstore : Frederick County History & Folklore |url=http://www.hsfcinfo.org/bookstore/frederick.htm |website=Historical Society of Frederick County |access-date=February 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414152719/http://www.hsfcinfo.org/bookstore/frederick.htm |archive-date=April 14, 2015 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> An important house remaining from this era is the [[spite house|Tyler Spite House]], built in 1814 at 112 W. Church Street by a [[John Tyler (doctor)|local doctor]] to prevent the city from extending Record Street south through his land to meet West Patrick Street.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Lynn |date=April 29, 1990 |title=This Maryland House Was Built Just for Spite |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-04-29-tr-41-story.html |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Waters |first1=Ed Jr. |url=https://www.fredericknewspost.com/sections/archives/display_detail.htm?StoryID=85652 |title=A Matter of Spite |date=August 5, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522175541/https://www.fredericknewspost.com/sections/archives/display_detail.htm?StoryID=85652 |archive-date=May 22, 2011 |newspaper=[[The Frederick News-Post]]}}</ref>

Frederick also became one of the new nation's leading mining counties in the early 19th century. It exported gold, copper, limestone, marble, iron, and other minerals. As early as the [[American Revolution]], [[Catoctin Furnace]] near [[Thurmont, Maryland|Thurmont]] became an important source of iron production.<ref>[[John Thomas Scharf|J. Thomas Scharf]], ''History of Western Maryland'', Vol. I. Philadelphia: Louis H. Everts. 1882. p. 629.</ref> Other mining areas split off into [[Washington County, Maryland]] and [[Allegheny County, Maryland]] but continued to ship their ore through Frederick to Eastern cities and ports.

Frederick had easy access to the [[Chesapeake and Ohio Canal]], which began operations in 1831 and continued hauling freight until 1924. Also in 1831, the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] (B&O) completed its [[Frederick Branch (Baltimore and Ohio Railroad)|Frederick Branch]] line from the Frederick (or Monocacy) Junction off the main Western Line from Baltimore to [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|Harpers Ferry]], [[Cumberland, Maryland|Cumberland]], and the [[Ohio River]]. The railroad reached [[Chicago]] and [[St. Louis]] by the 1850s.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Great Road: The Building of the Baltimore and Ohio, The Nation's First Railroad, 1828-1853 |last=Dilts |first=James D. |year=1996 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Palo Alto, California |isbn=978-0-8047-2629-0 |page=146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjrCWPwvHzIC&q=frederick+branch&pg=PA146}}</ref>

===Civil War===
[[File:Confederates marching through Frederick, MD in 1862.jpg|thumb|[[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] troops marching south on North Market Street in Frederick during the [[American Civil War]]]]
Frederick became Maryland's capital city briefly in 1861, as the legislature moved from Annapolis to vote on the secession question. President Lincoln arrested several members, and the assembly was unable to convene a quorum to vote on secession.

As a major crossroads, Frederick, like [[Winchester, Virginia]], and [[Martinsburg, West Virginia]], saw considerable action during the [[American Civil War]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.civilwartrails.org/|title=Civil War Trails: Maryland, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia|website=www.civilwartrails.org}}</ref> [[Slaves]] also escaped from or through Frederick (since Maryland was still a "slave state" although it had not seceded) to join the Union forces, work against the Confederacy and seek freedom. During the [[Maryland Campaign|Maryland campaigns]], both [[Union Army|Union]] and [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] troops marched through the city. Frederick also hosted several hospitals to nurse the wounded from those battles, as is related in the [[National Museum of Civil War Medicine]] on East Patrick Street.

A legend related by [[John Greenleaf Whittier]] claimed that Frederick's Pennsylvania Dutch women (including [[Barbara Fritchie]] who reportedly waved a flag) booed the Confederates in September 1862, as General [[Stonewall Jackson]] led his light infantry division through Frederick on his way to the battles of [[Battle of South Mountain|Crampton's, Fox's and Turner's Gaps]] on [[South Mountain (Maryland and Pennsylvania)|South Mountain]] and [[Battle of Antietam|Antietam]] near [[Sharpsburg, Maryland|Sharpsburg]]. Union Major General [[Jesse L. Reno]]'s IX Corps followed Jackson's men through the city a few days later on the way to the [[Battle of South Mountain]], where Reno died. The sites of the battles are due west of the city along the [[National Road]], west of [[Burkittsville, Maryland|Burkittsville]]. Confederate troops under Jackson and Walker unsuccessfully attempted to halt the Federal army's westward advance into the [[Cumberland Valley]] and towards [[Sharpsburg, Maryland|Sharpsburg]]. [[Gathland State Park]] has the War Correspondents' Memorial stone arch erected by reporter/editor [[George Alfred Townsend]] (1841–1914). The 1889 memorial commemorating Major General Reno and the Union soldiers of his IX Corps is on Reno Monument Road west of [[Middletown, Maryland|Middletown]], just below the summit of [[Fox's Gap]], as is a 1993 memorial to slain Confederate Brig. Gen. [[Samuel Garland Jr.]], and the [[North Carolina]] troops who held the line.
[[File:Frederick MD B&O Station Lincoln Visit Oct 4 1862.jpg|thumb|President [[Abraham Lincoln]] giving a speech in Frederick on October 4, 1862]]
President [[Abraham Lincoln]], on his way to visit Gen. [[George McClellan]] after the [[Battle of South Mountain]] and the [[Battle of Antietam]], delivered a short speech at what was then the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad|B&O Railroad]] depot at the current intersection of East All Saints and South Market Streets. A plaque commemorates the speech (at what is today the Frederick Community Action Agency, a Social Services office).

At the [[Prospect Hall (Frederick, Maryland)|Prospect Hall]] mansion off Jefferson Street to Buckeystown Pike near what is now Butterfly Lane, in the early morning hours of June 28, 1863, a messenger arrived from President [[Abraham Lincoln]] and General-in-Chief [[Henry Halleck]], informing General [[George Meade]] that he would be replacing General [[Joseph Hooker]] after the latter's disastrous performance at [[Battle of Chancellorsville|Chancellorsville]] in May. The [[Army of the Potomac]] camped around the Prospect Hall property for the several days as skirmishers pursued [[Robert E. Lee|Lee's]] Confederate [[Army of Northern Virginia]] before [[Battle of Gettysburg|Gettysburg]]. A large granite rectangular monument made from one of the boulders at the "Devil's Den" in Gettysburg to the east along the driveway commemorates the midnight change-of-command.

In July 1864, in the third Southern invasion, Confederate troops led by Lieutenant General Jubal Early occupied Frederick and extorted $200,000 (${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US|200000|1864}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US}}) from citizens in exchange for not razing the city on their way to Washington, D.C.<ref>Frederic Historic District inventory, NRIS F-3-039, section 8 p. 2 available at http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/010000/010400/010482/pdf/msa_se5_10482.pdf</ref> Union troops under Major General [[Lew Wallace]] fought a successful delaying action, in what became the last significant Confederate advance at the [[Battle of Monocacy]], also known as the "Battle that Saved Washington." The [[Monocacy National Battlefield]] lies just southeast of the city limits, along the [[Monocacy River]] at the B&O Railroad junction where two bridges cross the stream: an iron-truss bridge for the railroad and a covered wooden bridge for the Frederick-Urbana-Georgetown Pike, which was the site of the main battle of July 1864. Some skirmishing occurred further northeast of town at the stone-arched "Jug Bridge" where the [[National Road]] crossed the Monocacy; and an artillery bombardment occurred along the National Road west of town near Red Man's Hill and [[Prospect Hall (Frederick, Maryland)|Prospect Hall]] mansion as the Union troops retreated eastward. [[Antietam National Battlefield]] and [[South Mountain State Park|South Mountain State Battlefield Park]] which commemorates the 1862 battles are located 23 miles and 35 miles respectively to the west-northwest, while [[Gettysburg National Battlefield]] of 1863 lies approximately {{convert|35|mi}} to the north-northeast.
[[File:Barbara Frietchie (poem).jpg|thumb|An 1896 print illustrating [[Barbara Fritchie]]]]
The reconstructed home of [[Barbara Fritchie]] stands on West Patrick Street, just past Carroll Creek linear park. Fritchie, a significant figure in Maryland history in her own right, is buried in Frederick's [[Mount Olivet Cemetery (Frederick)|Mount Olivet Cemetery]]. British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] quoted Whittier's poem to President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] when they stopped here in 1941 on a car trip to the presidential retreat, then called "Shangra-La" (now "[[Camp David]]") within the [[Catoctin Mountains]] near Thurmont.

===Late 19th century===
[[File:Frederick MD May 7 1912 Marken & Bielfeld.jpg|thumb|West Patrick Street in Frederick, May 1912]]
[[File:Maryland - Frederick - NARA - 23941071 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view, 1930]]
Admiral [[Winfield Scott Schley]] (1839–1911) was born at "Richfields", the mansion home of his father. He became an important naval commander of the American fleet on board his flagship and heavy cruiser [[USS Brooklyn|USS ''Brooklyn'']] along with Admiral [[William T. Sampson]] in the [[Battle of Santiago de Cuba]] off the shores of the Spanish island colony of [[Cuba]] in the [[Spanish–American War]] in 1898. Major Henry Schley's son, Dr. Fairfax Schley, was instrumental in setting up the Frederick County Agricultural Society and the Great Frederick Fair.<ref>[[J. Thomas Scharf|Scharf, J. Thomas]]. ''History of Western Maryland'', Vol. I. Philadelphia: Louis H. Everts. 1882. pp. 418–419.</ref> Gilmer Schley served as Mayor from 1919 to 1922, and the Schleys remained one of the town's leading families into the late-20th century.

Nathaniel Wilson Schley, a prominent banker, and his wife Mary Margaret Schley helped organize and raise funds for the annual Great Frederick Fair, one of the two largest agricultural fairs in the State. Since the 1960s, the fair has featured many outstanding country-western singers and become a major music festival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thegreatfrederickfair.com/1997/events.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106192303/http://www.thegreatfrederickfair.com/1997/events.htm|url-status=dead|title=The Great Frederick Fair Official Website|archivedate=January 6, 2009}}</ref> Schley Avenue commemorates the family's role in the city's heritage.

The [[Frederick and Pennsylvania Line Railroad Company|Frederick and Pennsylvania Line railroad]] ran from Frederick to the Pennsylvania–Maryland State line, a/k/a [[Mason–Dixon line]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps?q=Kingsdale+PA&ll=39.728841,-77.112694&spn=0.064162,0.110378&client=firefox-beta&channel=np&hnear=Kingsdale,+Germany,+Adams,+Pennsylvania&gl=us&t=m&z=13|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps}}</ref> Chartered in 1867, construction began in 1869 and the line opened October 8, 1872. However, it defaulted on its interest payments in 1874 and was acquired by the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] in 1875, which formed a new division to operate the rail line. In the spring of 1896, the Frederick and Pennsylvania Line railroad was liquidated in a judicial sale to the Pennsylvania Railroad for $150,000. The railroad survived through mergers and the Penn-Central bankruptcy. However, the State of Maryland acquired the Frederick and Pennsylvania Line in 1982. As of 2013, all but two miles ({{convert|2|mi|km|abbr=on|disp=output only|1}}) at the southern terminus at Frederick still exist, operated by either the [[Walkersville Southern Railroad|Walkersville Southern]], or the [[Maryland Midland Railway|Maryland Midland Railway (MMID)]] railroads.

[[Jewish]] pioneers Henry Lazarus and Levy Cohan settled in Frederick in the 1740s as merchants. Mostly German Jewish immigrants organized a community in the mid-19th century, creating the Frederick Hebrew Congregation in 1858. Later the congregation lapsed, but was reorganized in 1917 as a cooperative effort between the older settlers and more recently arrived Eastern European Jews under the name [[Beth Sholom Congregation (Frederick, Maryland)|Beth Sholom Congregation]].

In 1905, Rev. E. B. Hatcher started the First [[Baptist]] Church of Frederick.

After the Civil War, the Maryland legislature established racially segregated public facilities by the end of the 19th century, re-imposing white supremacy. Black institutions were typically underfunded in the state, and it was not until 1921 that Frederick established a public high school for [[African Americans]]. First located at 170 West All Saints Street, it moved to 250 Madison Street, where it eventually was adapted as South Frederick Elementary. The building presently houses the Lincoln Elementary School. The [[Laboring Sons Memorial Grounds]], a cemetery for [[free negro|free blacks]], was founded in 1851.