Editing Frank Gaffney (section)

==Early life and education==
Gaffney was born in [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania in 1953 to Virginia Gaffney (''née'' Reed) and Frank J. Gaffney.<ref name=nyt1/><ref name="politicoarena"/> His father was a [[classical music]] [[aficionado]] and long-time partner at the [[law firm]] of Thorp, Reed & Armstrong, which was founded by his wife's father, Earl Reed; in 2013, it merged with Clark Hill PLC.<ref name=nyt1>{{cite news|title=Devon Gaffney, Research Director, Engaged to Marry Jay Cross in June|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/09/style/devon-gaffney-research-director-engaged-to-marry-jay-cross-in-june.html|access-date=December 12, 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=9 April 1989 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222213819/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/09/style/devon-gaffney-research-director-engaged-to-marry-jay-cross-in-june.html|archive-date=December 22, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="postga">{{cite news|last1=Gigler|first1=Dan|title=Lawyer with a Passion for Classical Music|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=20011103&id=SfFRAAAAIBAJ&pg=6710,949544|access-date=December 12, 2015|work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|date=November 3, 2001|archive-date=April 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415205912/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=20011103&id=SfFRAAAAIBAJ&pg=6710,949544|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Clark Hill dropping Thorp Reed from name in Pittsburgh|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2014/05/30/clark-hill-drops-thorp-reed-name.html|work=Pittsburgh Business Times|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221110034/http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2014/05/30/clark-hill-drops-thorp-reed-name.html|archive-date=February 21, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Gaffney's grandfather, Joseph Gaffney, was a [[city solicitor]] in [[Philadelphia]].<ref name=nyt1/> In the early 20th century, as a known [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] in Philadelphia, he [[Anti-Catholicism in the United States|faced opposition]] from [[Nativism (politics)|nativist]] [[Protestant]] groups who alleged that Catholics were "gaining control of American institutions while rewriting the nation's history".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=soIQzXxudHkC&pg=PA80|last1=Evenson|first1=Bruce|title=When Dempsey Fought Tunney: Heroes, Hokum, and Storytelling in the Jazz Age|date=1996|publisher=University of Tennessee Press|isbn=9780870499180|page=80}}</ref>

Gaffney attended the [[Walsh School of Foreign Service|Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service]] at [[Georgetown University]], where he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service]] in 1975.<ref name=a>{{cite web|url=http://townhall.com/columnists/frankgaffney/|title=Frank Gaffney|access-date=November 23, 2012|publisher=TownHall|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115171422/http://townhall.com/columnists/frankgaffney/|archive-date=November 15, 2012|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="politicoarena">{{cite web
|title=Arena Profile: Frank Gaffney|url=http://www.politico.com/arena/bio/frank_gaffney.html|publisher=[[Politico]]|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423061413/http://www.politico.com/arena/bio/frank_gaffney.html|archive-date=April 23, 2017|url-status=live
}}</ref> In 1978, he received an [[Master of Arts|MA]] in International Studies from [[Johns Hopkins University]]'s [[Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies]].<ref name="Ruppert">{{cite book
|last1=Ruppert|first1=Michael C.|author-link1=Michael Ruppert|title=Crossing the Rubicon: The Decline of the American Empire at the End of the Age of Oil|date=2004|publisher=[[New Society Publishers]]|location=[[Gabriola Island]], BC|isbn=978-0-865-71540-0|page=531|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ezyLJrAu1SIC|access-date=August 18, 2017}}</ref><ref name=CSP_Gaffney>{{cite web
|website=Center for Security Policy
|title=Frank Gaffney Jr
|url=https://centerforsecuritypolicy.org/author/imp_frank_gaffneyjr
|access-date=2023-06-06
}}</ref><ref name=ReaganGaffney>{{cite web
|website=Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum
|title=Nomination of Frank J Gaffney Jr
|access-date=2023-06-06
|url=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/nomination-frank-j-gaffney-jr-be-assistant-secretary-defense
|date=1987-04-17
|archive-date=2023-06-07
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607024539/https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/nomination-frank-j-gaffney-jr-be-assistant-secretary-defense
|url-status=live
}}</ref>