Editing Franco Modigliani (section)

==Early life and education==
Modigliani was born on 18 June 1918 in [[Rome]] to the Jewish family of a [[pediatrician]] father and a voluntary [[social worker]] mother.<ref name=klein>"Franco Modigliani" by [[Daniel B. Klein]] and Ryan Daza, in "[https://econjwatch.org/file_download/709/ProfilesSept2013.pdf?mimetype=pdf The Ideological Migration of the Economics Laureates]", ''[[Econ Journal Watch]]'', 10(3), September 2013, pp. 472–293</ref>

He entered university at the age of seventeen, enrolling in the faculty of Law at the [[Sapienza University of Rome]].<ref name=parisi>Parisi, Daniela (2005) "Five Italian Articles Written by the Young Franco Modigliani (1937–1938)", ''Rivista Internazional di Scienze Sociali'', 113(4), pp. 555–557 (in [[Italian language|language]])</ref> In his second year at Sapienza, his submission to a nationwide contest in [[economics]] sponsored by the official [[Gioventù Italiana del Littorio|student organization]] of the state, won first prize and Modigliani received an award from the hand of [[Benito Mussolini]].<ref name=klein /><ref name=auto>[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1985/modigliani-bio.html Franco Modigliani], autobiographical notes, Nobel Prize organization website, 1985</ref> 
He wrote several essays for the fascist magazine ''[[Lo Stato]]''<ref>{{cite book|author1=Francesca Dal Degan|author2=Fabrizio Simon
|editor1=Massimo M. Augello|editor2=Marco E.L. Guidi|editor3=Fabrizio Bientinesi|title=An Institutional History of Italian Economics in the Interwar Period|year=2019|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|location=Cham, Switzerland|isbn=978-3-030-32980-8|pages=146–147|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32980-8_6|chapter=“Generalist” Journals between Dissemination of Economics and Regime Propaganda|volume=1|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-32980-8_6
|s2cid=213105744
}}</ref> where he showed an inclination for the fascist ideological currents critical of liberalism.<ref>[https://www.fupress.com/catalogo/il-nazional-fascismo-economico-del-giovane-franco-modigliani/3982 Luca Michelini, Il nazional-fascismo economico del giovane Franco Modigliani, Firenze, Firenze University Press], 2019</ref>

Among his early works in Fascist Italy was an article about the organization and management of production in a [[socialist]] economy, written in [[Italian language|Italian]] and arguing the case for socialism along lines laid out by earlier [[market socialist]]s like [[Abba Lerner]] and [[Oskar Lange]].<ref name=advisor>Mongiovi, Gary (2015) "[http://jepson.richmond.edu/conferences/summer-institute/papers2015/GMongioviSI.pdf Franco Modigliani and the Socialist State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128083837/https://jepson.richmond.edu/conferences/summer-institute/papers2015/GMongioviSI.pdf |date=2020-11-28 }}", Economics & Finance Department, [[St. John's University (New York City)|St. John's]], May 2015</ref>

But, that early enthusiasm evaporated soon after the passage of [[Italian Racial Laws|racial laws in Italy]]. In 1938, Modigliani left Italy for [[Paris]] together with his then-girlfriend, Serena Calabi, to join her parents there. After briefly returning to [[Rome]] to discuss his ''[[laurea]]'' thesis at the city's university, he obtained his diploma on 22 July 1939, and returned to Paris.<ref name=auto/>

The same year, they all immigrated to the United States and he enrolled at the Graduate Faculty of the [[New School for Social Research]]. His [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D. dissertation]], an elaboration and extension of [[John Hicks]]' [[IS–LM]] model, was written under the supervision of [[Jacob Marschak]] and [[Abba Lerner]], in 1944,<ref group=note>The basis of his dissertation subsequently appeared in ''Econometrica''. See Modigliani (1944)</ref> and is considered "ground breaking."<ref name=advisor />