Editing Frances Hodgson Burnett (section)

== Biography ==

=== Childhood in Manchester, England===

Frances Eliza Hodgson was born at 141 York Street{{refn|York Street was later renamed and became Cheetham Hill Road. The house, along with the other houses in the terrace, was demolished in the 1990s to make way for new development.|group="note"}} in [[Cheetham Hill|Cheetham]], Manchester on 24 November 1849. She was the third of five children of Edwin Hodgson, an [[Ironmongery|ironmonger]] from [[Doncaster]] in [[Yorkshire]], and his wife Eliza Boond, from a well-to-do Manchester family. Her father owned a business in [[Deansgate]], selling ironmongery and brass goods. The family lived comfortably, employing a maid and a nurse-maid.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|pp=12–13}}</ref> Frances had two older brothers and two younger sisters.<ref name="Rutherford"/>

In 1852, the family moved about a mile away to a newly built terrace, opposite St Luke's Church, with greater access to outdoor space.<ref>{{Harvnb|Thwaite|1991|p=4}}</ref>{{refn|The house, which was extant when Thwaite's book was published in 1991, later became number 385 Cheetham Hill Road. Manchester City Council mounted a blue plaque on the front which read "Frances Hodgson Burnett (1849–1924) Novelist and Authoress of 'Little Lord Fauntleroy' and many other works lived here (1852–1854)" The house was later demolished and the plaque is now on show at the Metropolitan University of Manchester.<ref>{{Citation |last=Anon |title=City of Manchester commemorative plaques |publisher=Manchester City Council}}</ref>|group="note"}} Barely a year later, on 1 September 1853 and with his wife pregnant for a fifth time, Hodgson died suddenly of a [[stroke]], leaving the family without an income. Frances was cared for by her grandmother while her mother took over running the family business. From her grandmother, who bought her books, Frances learned to love reading, in particular her first book, ''The Flower Book'', which had colored illustrations and poems. Because of their reduced income, Eliza had to give up their family home and moved with her children to live with relatives in [[Seedley Grove]], [[Tanners Lane]], [[Pendleton, Greater Manchester|Pendleton]], [[Salford, Greater Manchester|Salford]], where they lived in a house with a large enclosed garden in which Frances enjoyed playing.<ref>{{Harvnb|Thwaite|1991|p=8}}</ref>

For a year Frances went to a small [[dame school]] run by two women, where she first saw a book about fairies. When her mother moved the family to Islington Square, Salford, Frances mourned the lack of flowers and gardens. Their new home was located in a gated square of faded gentility adjacent to an area with severe overcrowding and poverty that "defied description", according to [[Friedrich Engels]], who lived in Manchester at the time.<ref>{{Harvnb|Thwaite|1991|p=12}}</ref>

Frances had a fertile imagination, writing stories of her own creation in old notebooks. One of her favorite books was [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]]'s novel ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'', and she spent many hours acting out scenes from the story.<ref>Robin Bernstein, [https://books.google.com/books?id=f_mgPpS-xXsC&pg=PP1 '' Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights,''] (New York: New York University Press, 2011), 69–71. See also Robin Bernstein, [https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/4795341/Bernstein%20PMLA%20126.1.pdf '' Children's Books, Dolls, and the Performance of Race; or, The Possibility of Children's Literature,''] ''PMLA'' 126.1: 160–169.</ref>  Frances and her siblings were sent to be educated at The Select Seminary for Young Ladies and Gentlemen, where she was described as "precocious" and "romantic".<ref>{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|pp=17–18}}</ref> She had an active social life and enjoyed telling stories to her friends and cousins; in her mother, she found a good audience, although her brothers tended to tease her about her stories.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|p=20}}</ref>

Manchester was almost entirely dependent on a [[cotton]] economy that was ruined by the [[Lancashire cotton famine]] brought about by the [[American Civil War]].<ref name = "Gerzinap3">{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|p=3}}</ref> In 1863, Eliza Hodgson was forced to sell their business and move the family once again to an even smaller home; at that time, Frances' limited education came to an end. Eliza's brother (Frances's uncle), William Boond, asked the family to join him in [[Knoxville, Tennessee]], where he now had a thriving dry goods store. Within the year, Eliza decided to accept his offer and move the family from Manchester.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|p=24}}</ref>  She sold their possessions and told Frances to burn her early writings in the fire.<ref name = "Gerzinap3"/>  In 1865, the family emigrated to the United States and settled near Knoxville.<ref name=neely>Jack Neely, "[http://www.knoxmercury.com/2015/11/18/frances-hodgson-burnett-the-knoxville-years/ Frances Hodgson Burnett, the Knoxville Years]," ''Knoxville Mercury'', 18 November 2015.</ref>

=== Move to Tennessee ===
After the end of the Civil War and the trade it had brought to the area, Frances's uncle lost much of his business and was unable to provide for the newly arrived family.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|p=6}}</ref> The family went to live in a [[log cabin]] during their first winter in [[New Market, Tennessee|New Market]], outside Knoxville. They later moved to a home in Knoxville that Frances called "Noah's Ark, [[Mount Ararat|Mt. Ararat]]", a name inspired by the house's location atop an isolated hill.<ref name="Rutherford">{{Harvnb|Rutherford|1994}}</ref><ref name=neely /><ref name="Hofstader 1971">{{Harvnb|Hofstader|1971}}</ref>  Living across from them was the Burnett family, and Frances became friendly with Swan Burnett, introducing him to books by authors such as [[Charles Dickens]], [[Sir Walter Scott]] and [[William Makepeace Thackeray]] that she had read in England. She may have befriended him because of a childhood injury that left him lame and unable to participate in physical activities. Not long after they met, Swan left for college in Ohio.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|pp=27–28}}</ref>

[[File:Franceshodgsonburnett.jpg|thumb|right |Burnett as a young woman]]

Frances turned to writing to earn money. Her first story was published in ''[[Godey's Lady's Book]]'' in 1868. Soon after, she was being published regularly in ''Godey's Lady's Book'', ''[[Scribner's Monthly]]'', ''[[Peterson's Magazine]]'' and ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]''.<ref name = "Rutherford"/> Keen to escape from the family's poverty, she tended to overwork herself, later writing that she had been "a pen driving machine" during the early years of her career. For five years, she wrote constantly, often not worrying about the quality of her work.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|pp=30–31}}</ref> Once her first story was published, before she was 18, she spent the rest of her life as a working writer.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|p=35}}</ref> By 1869, she had earned enough to move the family into a better home in Knoxville.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|p=25}}</ref>

Her mother died in 1870, and within two years, two of her sisters and a brother were married. Although she remained friends with Swan, neither was in a hurry to be married.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|pp=39–41}}</ref>

=== Marriage ===
With the income from her writing, she returned to England for an extended visit in 1872,<ref name = "Rutherford"/> and then went to Paris where, having agreed to marry Swan, she ordered an [[haute couture]] wedding dress to be made and shipped to Tennessee. Shortly afterward, she returned home and attempted to postpone the wedding until the dress arrived, but Swan insisted they marry as soon as possible, and they were married in September 1873. Writing about the dress disappointment to a Manchester friend, she said of her new husband: "Men are so shallow&nbsp;... he does not know the vital importance of the difference between white [[satin]] and [[tulle (netting)|tulle]], and cream-colored [[brocade]]".<ref>{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|p=53}}</ref>  Within the year, she gave birth to her first child, Lionel, in September 1874. Also during that year, she began work on her first full-length novel, ''[[That Lass o' Lowrie's]]'', set in Lancashire.<ref>{{harvnb|Thwaite|1991|p=46}}</ref>

The couple wanted to leave Knoxville, and her writing income allowed them to travel to Paris, where Swan continued his medical training as an eye and ear specialist. The birth of their second son, Vivian, forced them to return to the United States.<ref name="Hofstader 1971"/> She had wanted her second child to be a girl, and having chosen the name Vivien, changed to the masculine spelling for her new son. The family continued to rely on her writing income, and to economize she made clothing for her boys, often including many frills.<ref name= "Horvathxii">{{Harvnb|Horvath|2004|p=xii}}</ref> Later, Burnett continued to make clothing, designing velvet suits with lace collars for her boys and frilly dresses for herself. She allowed her sons' hair to grow long, which she then shaped into long curls.<ref name= "Horvathxii"/>

=== Moved to Washington, D.C. ===
[[File:Frances Hodgson Burnett.png|thumb|Frances Hodgson Burnett (1890)]]
After two years in Paris, the family intended to move to Washington, D.C., where Swan, now qualified as a doctor, wanted to start his medical practice.<ref name = "Rutherford"/> However, as they were in debt, Frances was forced to live with Swan's parents in New Market while he established himself in D.C. Early in 1877, she was offered a contract to have ''That Lass o' Lowrie's'' published, which was doing well in its serialization, and at that point, she made her husband her business manager.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|pp=62–64}}</ref> ''That Lass o' Lowrie's'' was published to good reviews, and the rights were sold for a British edition. Shortly after the publication of the book, she joined her husband in D.C., where she established a household and friends.<ref name="Gerzina 2004 67–69">{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|pp=67–69}}</ref>  She continued to write, becoming known as a rising young novelist. Despite the difficulties of raising a family and settling into a new city, Burnett began work on ''Haworth's'', which was published in 1879, as well as writing a dramatic interpretation of ''That Lass o' Lowrie's'' in response to a pirated stage version presented in London. After a visit to Boston in 1879, where she met [[Louisa May Alcott]], and [[Mary Mapes Dodge]], editor of children's magazine ''[[St. Nicholas Magazine|St. Nicholas]]'', Burnett began to write children's fiction. For the next five years, she had published several short works in ''St. Nicholas''. Burnett continued to write adult fiction as well: ''Louisiana'' was published in 1880; ''A Fair Barbarian'' in 1881; and ''Through One Administration'' in 1883.<ref name="Rutherford"/> She wrote the play ''Esmerelda'' in 1881 while staying at the "[[Pine Gables|Logan House]]" inn near [[Lake Lure, North Carolina]]; it became the longest-running play on Broadway in the 19th century.<ref name = nrhpinv>{{Cite web | author =James Robert Proctor| title =Pine Gables| work = National Register of Historic Places – Nomination and Inventory | date =May 1999| url = https://files.nc.gov/ncdcr/nr/RF0217.pdf | publisher = North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office | access-date = 1 February 2015}}</ref>  However, as had happened earlier in Knoxville, she felt the pressure of maintaining a household, caring for children and a husband, and keeping to her writing schedule, which caused exhaustion and depression.<ref name="Gerzina 2004 67–69"/>

[[File:FrancesHodgsonBurnett.png|thumb|left|Frances Hodgson Burnett, date unknown (1890–1910)]]

Within a few years, Burnett became well known in Washington society and hosted a literary [[salon (gathering)|salon]] on Tuesday evenings, often attended by politicians, as well as local [[Intellectual|literati]].<ref name = "Horvathxi">{{Harvnb|Horvath|2004|p=xi}}</ref> Swan's practice grew and had a good reputation, but his income lagged behind hers, so she believed she had to continue writing.<ref name="Hofstader 1971"/> Unfortunately she was often ill and suffered from the heat of D.C., which she escaped whenever possible. In the early 1880s she became interested in [[Christian Science]] as well as [[Spiritualism (movement)|Spiritualism]] and [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophy]]. These beliefs would affect her later life as well as being incorporated into her later fiction.<ref name="Rutherford"/> She was a devoted mother and took great joy in her two sons. She doted on their appearance, continuing the practice of curling their long hair each day, which became the inspiration for ''Little Lord Fauntleroy''.<ref name="Hofstader 1971"/>

In 1884, she began work on ''[[Little Lord Fauntleroy]]'', with the serialization beginning in <!-- month? -->1885 in ''St. Nicholas'', and the publication in book form in 1886. ''Little Lord Fauntleroy'' received good reviews, became a bestseller in the United States and England, was translated into 12 languages and secured Burnett's reputation as a writer.<ref name="Rutherford"/> The story features a boy who dresses in elaborate velvet suits and wears his long hair in curls.<ref name = "Horvathxi"/> The central character, Cedric, was modeled on Burnett's younger son Vivian, and the autobiographical aspects of ''Little Lord Fauntleroy'' occasionally led to disparaging remarks from the press. After the publication of ''Little Lord Fauntleroy'', Burnett's reputation as a writer of children's books was fully established. In 1888 she won a lawsuit in England over the dramatic rights to ''Little Lord Fauntleroy'', establishing a precedent that was incorporated into British [[copyright law]] in 1911. In response to a second incident of pirating her material into a dramatic piece, she wrote ''The Real Little Lord Fauntleroy'', which was produced on stage in London and on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]].<ref name="Rutherford"/> The play went on to make her as much money as the book.<ref name = "Horvathxi"/>

=== Return to England ===
In 1887, Burnett traveled to England for [[Queen Victoria]]'s [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria|Golden Jubilee]], which became the first of yearly transatlantic trips from the United States to England.<ref name="Rutherford"/> Accompanied by her sons, she visited tourist attractions such as [[Madame Tussaud's Wax Museum]] in London. In her rented rooms, she continued the Tuesday evening salon and soon attracted visitors, meeting Stephen Townsend for the first time. Despite her busy schedule, she felt ill from the heat and the crowds of tourists, spending protracted periods in bed.<ref name=" Thwaite 1991 101–104">{{Harvnb|Thwaite|1991|pp=101–104}}</ref> With her sons, she moved on to spend the winter in Florence, where she wrote ''The Fortunes of Philippa Fairfax'', the only book to be published in England but not in the United States.<ref name=" Thwaite 1991 101–104"/> That winter ''Sara Crewe or What Happened at Miss Minchin's'' was published in the United States.<ref>{{Harvnb|Thwaite|1991|p=105}}</ref> She would go on to make ''Sara Crewe'' into a stage play, and later rewrite the story into ''[[A&nbsp;Little Princess]]''.<ref name="Rutherford"/> In 1888, Burnett returned to Manchester, where she leased a large home off Cromwell Road, had it decorated, and then turned it over to cousins to run as a boarding house, after which she moved to London, where she again took rooms, enjoyed the London season, and prepared ''Phyllis'' for production, a stage adaptation of ''The Fortunes of Philippa Fairfax''. When the play ran she was disappointed by the bad reviews and turned to socialize. During this period she began to see more of Stephen Townsend, whom she had met during the Jubilee year.<ref>{{Harvnb|Thwaite|1991|pp=122–123}}</ref>

In December 1890, Burnett's elder son Lionel died from [[Tuberculosis|consumption]] in Paris, which greatly affected her life and her writing.<ref name="Rutherford"/> Burnett had sought a cure for her son from physicians, also taking him to Germany to visit [[spa]]s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|p=138}}</ref> Following his death, before she sank into a deep depression, she wrote in a letter to a friend that her writing was insignificant in comparison to having been the mother of two boys, one of whom died.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|p=142}}</ref> At this time she turned away from her traditional faith in the [[Church of England]] and embraced a mix of Spiritualism, New Thought, Christian Science, and others without actually joining any particular church.<ref name="Hofstader 1971"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Does The Secret Garden have connections with Christian Science? |url=https://www.marybakereddylibrary.org/research/does-the-secret-garden-have-connections-with-christian-science/ |work=Mary Baker Eddy Library |date=17 May 2021}}</ref> She returned to London, where she sought the distraction of charity work and formed the [[Drury Lane]] Boys' Club, hosting an opening in February 1892. Also during this period, she wrote a play with a starring role for Stephen Townsend in an attempt to establish his acting career.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|pp=151–152}}</ref> After a two-year absence from her Washington, D.C. home, her husband, and her younger son, Burnett returned there in March 1892, where she continued charity work and began writing again.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|pp=158–160}}</ref>  In 1893, Burnett published an autobiography, devoted to her elder son, titled ''The One I Knew Best of All''.<ref name="Rutherford"/> Also in that year, she had a set of her books displayed at the [[World's Columbian Exposition|Chicago World Fair]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|p=166}}</ref>

=== Divorce and move to Great Maytham Hall ===
<!-- [[File:Great Maytham Hall Garden - geograph.org.uk - 228928.jpg|thumb|[[Great Maytham Hall|Great Maytham Hall Garden]], [[Kent]], England, provided the inspiration for ''[[The Secret Garden]]''.]] -->
Burnett returned to London in 1894; there she heard the news that her younger son Vivian was ill, so she quickly went back to the United States. Vivian recovered from his illness, but missed his first term at [[Harvard University]]. Burnett stayed with him until he was well, then returned to London. At this time, she began to worry about her finances: she was paying for Vivian's education; keeping a house in Washington D.C. (Swan had moved out of the house to his own apartment); and keeping a home in London. As she had in the past, she turned to writing as a source of income and began to write ''[[A Lady of Quality (novel)|A Lady of Quality]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|pp=171–176}}</ref> ''A Lady of Quality'', published in 1896, was to become the first of a series of successful adult [[historical novels]], which was followed in 1899 with ''In Connection with the De Willoughby Claim''; and in 1901 she had published ''The Making of a Marchioness'' and ''The Methods of Lady Walderhurst.''<ref name="Rutherford"/>

In 1898, when Vivian graduated from Harvard, she divorced Swan Burnett.<ref name="Rutherford"/> Officially, the cause for the divorce was given to be desertion, but in reality, Burnett and Swan had orchestrated the dissolution of their marriage some years earlier. Swan took his own apartment and ceased to live with Burnett so that after a period of two years she could plead desertion as a reason for the divorce. The press was critical, calling her a [[New Woman]], with ''[[The Washington Post]]'' writing that the divorce resulted from Burnett's "advanced ideas regarding the duties of a wife and the rights of women".<ref>{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|p=202}}</ref>

From the mid-1890s, she lived in England at [[Great Maytham Hall]]—which had a large garden where she indulged her love for flowers—where she made her home for the next decade, although she continued annual transatlantic trips to the United States.<ref name="Rutherford"/>  Maytham Hall resembled a feudal manor house which enchanted Burnett.<ref name="Hofstader 1971"/> She socialized in the local villages and enjoyed the country life. She filled the house with guests and had Stephen Townsend move in with her, which the local vicar considered a scandal.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|pp=205–207}}</ref> In February 1900 she married Townsend.<ref name="Gerzina 2004 214–215">{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|pp=214–215}}</ref>

=== Remarriage and later life ===
[[File:F H Burnett.jpg|thumb|Frances Hodgson Burnett in 1901]]

The marriage took place in [[Genoa]], Italy, and the couple went to [[Pegli]] for their honeymoon, where they endured two weeks of steady rain. Burnett's biographer [[Gretchen Gerzina]] writes of the marriage, "it was the biggest mistake of her life".<ref name="Gerzina 2004 214–215"/> The press stressed the age difference—Townsend was ten years younger than she—and she referred to him as her secretary.<ref name=" Gerzina 2004 214–215"/> Biographer Ann Thwaite doubts Townsend loved Burnett, claiming that 50-year-old Burnett was "stout, rouged and unhealthy" and believes Townsend needed Burnett to help with his acting career, and support him financially. Within months, in a letter to her sister, Burnett admitted the marriage was in trouble, describing Townsend as scarcely sane and hysterical. Thwaite argues that Townsend blackmailed Burnett into the marriage, and he just wanted her money and to be in control of her as a husband.<ref>{{Harvnb|Thwaite|1991|pp=190–191}}</ref>

Unable to bear the thought of continuing to live with Townsend at Maytham, Burnett rented a house in London for the winter of 1900–1901. There she socialized with friends and wrote. She worked on two books simultaneously: ''[[The Shuttle (novel)|The Shuttle]]'', a longer and more complicated book; and ''[[The Making of a Marchioness]]'', which she wrote in a few weeks and published to good reviews. In the spring of 1901, when she returned to the country, Townsend tried to replace her long-time publisher Scribner's with a publishing house offering a larger advance.<ref>{{Harvnb|Thwaite|1991|pp=196–199}}</ref> In the autumn of 1902, after a summer of socializing and filling Maytham with house-guests, she suffered a physical collapse. She returned to America, and in the winter of 1902 entered a [[sanatorium]]. There she told Townsend she would no longer live with him, and the marriage ended.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|p=229}}</ref>

She returned to Maytham two years later in June 1904.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gerzina|2004|p=231}}</ref>  Maytham Hall had a series of walled gardens and in the rose garden she wrote several books; it was there she had the idea for ''The Secret Garden'', mainly written at the manor house in [[Buile Hill Park]] while visiting Manchester.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:ZN3C2c2j2wgJ:services.salford.gov.uk/solar_documents/CWCR141003U_0.PDF+%22Buile+Hill+estate%22&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgvVoglM4mkD-9dtNJ8smWCrrTe3nLWPmM-QHN-RMuaJqsTXklB02_al6Ew7sb07x_aoMu5djXY-N7bcmKPUJh7H8s3ZdHiPVZkA5sJ64SrD0KnsXxrQU2nYbK9gmDPoo-ft3XX&sig=AHIEtbSibnT1uZoDCTc4WuC4q_RZNfZTWg|title=Buile Hill Park|publisher=[[Salford Borough Council]]|access-date=16 February 2012}}</ref> In 1905 ''A Little Princess'' was published, after she had reworked the play into a novel.<ref name="Rutherford"/> Once again Burnett turned to writing to increase her income. She lived an extravagant lifestyle, spending money on expensive clothing.<ref name="Hofstader 1971"/> It was reported in 1905 that Burnett was a [[Semi-vegetarianism|semi-vegetarian]]. She had eliminated meat almost entirely from her diet.<ref>[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86069313/1905-02-24/ed-1/seq-2/ ''On Vegetarianism'']. ''The Hartford Republican'' (24 February 1905).</ref>
[[File:Frances Hodgson Burnett (The Bookman, New York, v.40, Oct. 1914).png|thumb|''The Bookman'', 1914]]
In 1907, she returned permanently to the United States, having become a citizen in 1905, and built a home, completed in 1908, in the Plandome Park section of [[Plandome Manor]] on Long Island outside New York City. Her son Vivian was employed in the publishing business, and at his request, she agreed to be an editor for ''Children's Magazine''. Over the next several years she had published in ''Children's Magazine'' several shorter works. In 1911 she had ''The Secret Garden'' published.<ref name="Rutherford"/> In her later years she maintained the summer home on Long Island, and a winter home in [[Bermuda]].<ref name="Hofstader 1971"/> ''[[The Lost Prince (Burnett novel)|The Lost Prince]]'' was published in 1915, and ''[[The Head of the House of Coombe]]'' and its sequel, ''Robin, ''were published in 1922.<ref name="Rutherford"/>

Burnett lived for the last 17 years of her life in Plandome Manor,<ref>O'Connell, Pamela Licalzi. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07E3D6143CF93BA3575BC0A9629C8B63 "Literature; 'The Secret Garden' Has Deep Island Roots"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 8 August 2004. Accessed 11 November 2007. "Mrs. Burnett, the author of ''The Secret Garden'' and other enduring children's classics, lived on a grand estate in Plandome the last 17 years of her life."</ref> where she died on 29 October 1924, aged 74.<ref name="Rutherford"/> She was buried in [[Roslyn Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Roslyn Cemetery {{!}} Profiles {{!}} Roslyn Landmark Society |url=https://www.roslynlandmarks.org/profiles/roslyn-cemetery |website=www.roslynlandmarks.org}}</ref>