Editing François Villon (section)

== Biography ==

=== Birth ===
Villon was born in Paris in 1431.<ref>{{Citation |last=Fein |first=David |year=1997 |title=François Villon Revisited |url=https://archive.org/details/francoisvillonre00fein |url-access= registration | series = Twayne's World Authors Series No. 864 |publisher=Twayne Publishers |location=New York |isbn=0805745645 |page=1 |chapter=1 Introduction | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9tBcAAAAMAAJ&q=Born | quote = From the latter, for example, we know Villon's approximate date of birth and the dates he composed his two major poems. Born in 1431 (the year that Joan of Arc was...}}</ref> One source gives the date as {{OldStyleDateDY|19 April,|1432|April 1, 1431}}.<ref name="Charpier-birth">Charpier 1958, "1er avril 1431 (vieux style) ou 19 avril 1432 (nouveau style) : naissance à Paris, de ''François de Montcorbier'', alias ''des Loges'', qui deviendra François Villon [April 1, 1431 (old style) or April 19, 1432 (new style): birth in Paris of ''François de Montcorbier'', alias ''des Loges'', who would become François Villon]"</ref>

=== Early life ===
Villon's real name may have been '''François de Montcorbier''' or '''François des Loges''':<ref name="Charpier-birth" /> both of these names appear in official documents drawn up in Villon's lifetime. In his own work, however, Villon is the only name the poet used, and he mentions it frequently in his work. His two collections of poems, especially "[[Le Testament]]" (also known as "Le grand testament"), have traditionally been read as if they were autobiographical. Other details of his life are known from court or other civil documents.

From what the sources tell us, it appears that Villon was born in poverty and raised by a foster father, but that his mother was still living when her son was thirty years old. The surname "Villon," the poet tells us, is the name he adopted from his foster father, Guillaume de Villon, chaplain in the collegiate church of [[Saint-Benoît-le-Bétourné]] and a professor of [[canon law]], who took Villon into his house.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=87}}  François describes Guillaume de Villon as "more than a father to me".<ref name="Clarke">{{Cite book|title=Pseudonyms |first =Joseph F. | last = Clarke|publisher=Book Club Associates | location = United Kingdom |date=1977 |page=167}}</ref><ref name="Villon-2013">{{cite book |last=Villon |first=François |title=Poems |chapter=[[Le Testament|The Testament]]  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgVIGZjg4y8C&pg=PA84 |year=2013 |publisher=Northwestern University Press |location=Evanston, Illinois |language=fr |isbn=978-0-8101-2878-1 |page=84 |oclc=921910344 |translator-last=Georgi |translator-first=David   |access-date=10 July 2017 |quote=Item, et a mon plus que pere, Maistre Guillaume de Villon / Qui esté m'a plus doulx que mere [Item, and to my more than father, Master Guillaume de Villon / Who is to me more painful than mother]}}</ref>

=== Student life ===
Villon became a student in arts, perhaps at about twelve years of age. He received a [[bachelor's degree]] from the [[University of Paris]] in 1449 and a master's degree in 1452. Between this year and 1455, nothing is known of his activities. The [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Eleventh Edition]] (1910–1911) says "Attempts have been made, in the usual fashion of conjectural biography, to fill up the gap with what a young graduate of [[Bohemianism|Bohemian]] tendencies would, could, or might have done, but they are mainly futile."{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=87}} <!-- This may still be true, but it should be updated with a source that is not so old. -->

=== Alleged criminal activities ===
[[File:ImagefromAdolfoCantu025.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Depiction of Villon by the Mexican artist [[Federico Cantú Garza]] ]]
On 5 June 1455, the first major recorded incident of his life occurred. While in the [[Rue Saint-Jacques, Paris|Rue Saint-Jacques]] in the company of a priest named Giles and a girl named Isabeau, he met a Breton named Jean le Hardi, a Master of Arts, who was also with a priest, Philippe Chermoye (or Sermoise or Sermaise). A scuffle broke out and daggers were drawn. Sermaise, who is accused of having threatened and attacked Villon and drawn the first blood, not only received a dagger-thrust in return, but a blow from a stone, which struck him down. He died of his wounds. Villon fled, and was sentenced to banishment – a sentence which was remitted in January 1456{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=87}} by a pardon from [[Charles VII of France|King Charles VII]] after he received the second of two petitions which made the claim that Sermaise had forgiven Villon before he died. Two different versions of the formal pardon exist; in one, the culprit is identified as ''"François des Loges, autrement dit Villon"'' ("François des Loges, otherwise called Villon"), in the other as "François de Montcorbier." He is also said to have named himself to the [[barber-surgeon]] who dressed his wounds as "Michel Mouton." The documents of this affair at least confirm the date of his birth, by presenting him as twenty-six years old or thereabouts.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=87}}

Around Christmas 1456, the chapel of the Collège de Navarre was broken open and five hundred gold crowns stolen. Villon was involved in the robbery. Many scholars believe that he fled from Paris soon afterward and that this is when he composed what is now known as the ''Le Petit Testament'' ("The Smaller Testament") or ''Le Lais'' ("Legacy" or "Bequests"). The robbery was not discovered until March of the next year, and it was not until May that the police came on the track of a gang of student-robbers, owing to the indiscretion of one of them, Guy Tabarie. A year more passed, when Tabarie, after being arrested, turned king's evidence and accused the absent Villon of being the ringleader, and of having gone to [[Angers]], partly at least, to arrange similar burglaries there. Villon, for either this or another crime, was sentenced to banishment; he did not attempt to return to Paris. For four years, he was a wanderer. He may have been, as his friends Regnier de Montigny and Colin des Cayeux were, a member of a wandering gang of thieves.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=87}}

=== ''Le Testament'', 1461 ===
The next date for which there are recorded whereabouts for Villon is the summer of 1461; Villon wrote that he spent that summer in the [[Château de Meung-sur-Loire|bishop's prison at Meung-sur-Loire]]. His crime is not known, but in ''[[Le Testament]]'' ("The Testament") dated that year he inveighs bitterly against Bishop Thibault d'Aussigny, who held the [[See of Orléans]]. Villon may have been released as part of a general jail-delivery at the accession of [[Louis XI of France|King Louis XI]] and became a free man again on 2 October 1461.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=87}}

In 1461, he wrote his most famous work, ''[[Le Testament]]'' (or ''Le Grand Testament,'' as it is also known).

In the autumn of 1462, he was once more living in the [[cloister]]s of Saint-Benoît.

=== Banishment and disappearance ===
In November 1462, Villon was imprisoned for theft. He was taken to the [[Grand Châtelet]] fortress that stood at what is now [[Place du Châtelet]] in Paris. In default of evidence, the old charge of burgling the College of Navarre was revived. No royal pardon arrived to counter the demand for restitution, but bail was accepted and Villon was released. However, he fell promptly into a street quarrel. He was arrested, tortured and condemned to be hanged (''"pendu et étranglé"''), although the sentence was commuted to banishment by the [[parlement]] on 5 January 1463.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|p=87}}

Villon's fate after January 1463 is unknown. [[Rabelais]] retells two stories about him which are usually dismissed as without any basis in fact.{{sfn|Saintsbury|1911|pp=87–88}} Anthony Bonner speculated that the poet, as he left Paris, was "broken in health and spirit." Bonner writes further:

{{blockquote|He might have died on a mat of straw in some cheap tavern, or in a cold, dank cell; or in a fight in some dark street with another French [[coquillard]]; or perhaps, as he always feared, on a gallows in a little town in France. We will probably never know.<ref name=Bonner>{{cite book | first = François | last = Villon | translator-first = Anthony | translator-last = Bonner | title = The Complete Works of François Villon | location = New York | publisher = Bantam | year = 1960 | page = xxiii}}</ref>}}