Editing François Duvalier (section)

==Early life and career==
Duvalier was born in [[Port-au-Prince]] in 1907, the son of Duval Duvalier, [[justice of the peace]], teacher and journalist,<ref name=FJCoppa>{{Cite book |author=[[Frank J. Coppa]] |url=https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_Modern_Dictators/gTv99LBYSL4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=justice+Duval+Duvalier+francois+duvalier+father&pg=PA84&printsec=frontcover |title=Encyclopedia of Modern Dictators – From Napoleon to the Present |date=2006|publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |isbn=9780820450100 |page=84}}</ref> whose family came from [[Martinique]], and {{nowrap|Ulyssia Abraham, a baker.<ref name=FJCoppa/>{{refn|Her name is recorded variously as "Ulyssia",<ref name="Joseph 2010"/> "Uritia",<ref name="Abbott 2011"/>{{rp|51}} and "Irutia".<ref name="Péan 2014">{{citation |mode=cs1 |url=http://lenouvelliste.com/lenouvelliste/article/133829/Metaspora-de-Joel-Des-Rosiers-ou-lart-comme-depassement-de-la-vie-quotidienne |title=Métaspora de Joël Des Rosiers ou l'art comme dépassement de la vie quotidienne |work=Le Nouvelliste |date=24 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109010024/http://lenouvelliste.com/lenouvelliste/article/133829/Metaspora-de-Joel-Des-Rosiers-ou-lart-comme-depassement-de-la-vie-quotidienne |archive-date=9 November 2015 |url-status=live |last=Péan |first=Leslie |language=fr |location=Port‑au‑Prince |quote=Dans un mélange de subtilité allusive et de rigueur architecturale, [[Joël&nbsp;Des&nbsp;Rosiers]] décrit ainsi la détresse psychique du dictateur: «&nbsp;François&nbsp;Duvalier chasse [[Joseph&nbsp;Dunès&nbsp;Olivier]] de la magistrature. Il fut ostracisé pour avoir notarié l'acte de candidature à l'élection présidentielle du sénateur [[Louis&nbsp;Déjoie]], opposant politique et véritable vainqueur des élections. Ce fut le premier acte illégal du dictateur. Oh&nbsp;! Il en fut d'autres. Oh&nbsp;! Par bassesse, le dictateur vengeait la mémoire de son vrai père Florestal&nbsp;Duvalier, citoyen français du [[Morne&nbsp;des&nbsp;Esses]], commune de la Martinique, tailleur de son métier à la rue de l'Enterrement, dont le fils aîné Duval&nbsp;Duvalier fut fait officiellement le père adoptif de François&nbsp;Duvalier alors qu'il en était le demi‑frère. Pour maquiller sa paternité tardive, Florestal&nbsp;Duvalier, vieillard cacochyme, poussa son fils adulte Duval à reconnaître l'enfant, né de ses amours ancillaires avec une jeune domestique, Irutia&nbsp;Abraham, originaire de [[Maniche, Sud|Maniche]], [[Les Cayes, Les Cayes, Sud|commune des Cayes]]. La mère de Duvalier en devint folle. Son fils lui fut retiré si bien que l'enfant ne la connut jamais et fut élevé par une tante, madame&nbsp;Florestal&nbsp;.»  }}</ref>}}}} His aunt, Madame Florestal, raised him as a child.<ref name="Abbott 2011"/>{{rp|51}} He completed a degree in medicine from the [[University of Haiti]] in 1934,<ref name="Harris 2014">{{citation |mode=cs1 |url=http://www.moreorless.net.au/killers/duvalier.html |title=Heroes & killers of the 20th century: The Duvaliers |last=Harris |first=Bruce |date=12 October 2014 |website={{not a typo|moreorless}} |location=Sydney, Australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910195750/http://www.moreorless.net.au/killers/duvalier.html |archive-date=10 September 2015 |url-status=live  }}</ref> and served as staff physician at several local hospitals. He spent a year at the [[University of Michigan]] studying public health<ref name="Abbott 2011"/>{{rp|53}} and in 1943, became active in a [[United States]]–sponsored campaign to control the spread of contagious tropical diseases, helping the poor to fight [[typhus]], [[yaws]], [[malaria]] and other tropical diseases that had ravaged Haiti for years.<ref name="Harris 2014"/> His patients affectionately called him "Papa Doc", a moniker that he used throughout his life.<ref name="Haggerty 1991">{{citation |mode=cs1 |last=Haggerty<!--
    Richard A. Haggerty is both the
    editor of the entire book as well
    as the author of
    Chapter 6. Haiti: Historical Setting
--> |first=Richard A. |title=Dominican Republic and Haiti |edition=2nd |series=Country Studies |date=1991 |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-8444-0728-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dominicanrepubli0000hagg/page/232 232–235] |chapter=Haiti: Historical Setting §&nbsp;François Duvalier, 1957–71 |editor-last=Haggerty |editor-first=Richard A. |issn=1057-5294 |url=https://archive.org/details/dominicanrepubli0000hagg/page/232 |lccn=91-9495 |oclc=23179347 |ol=1531915M |chapter-url=http://dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a242550.pdf#page=260 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress  }}</ref>

The racism and violence that occurred during the [[United States occupation of Haiti]], which began in 1915, inspired [[black nationalism]] among Haitians and left a powerful impression on the young Duvalier.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pezzullo|first=Ralph|title=Plunging Into Haiti: Clinton, Aristide, and the Defeat of Diplomacy|publisher=[[University Press of Mississippi]]|year=2006|isbn=9781604735345|pages=77–100}}</ref> He was also aware of the latent political power of the poor black majority and their resentment against the small [[Mulatto Haitians|mulatto]] (black and white mixed-race) elite.<ref name="Giles">{{citation |mode=cs1 |url=http://thedictatorship.com/biographies/papadoc.htm |title=François 'Papa&nbsp;Doc' Duvalier |last=Wright |first=Giles |website=TheDictatorship.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918205301/http://thedictatorship.com/biographies/papadoc.htm |archive-date=18 September 2015 |url-status=dead  |access-date=9 November 2015 }}</ref> Duvalier supported [[Pan-African]] ideals,<ref name="Bryan 1984">{{citation |mode=cs1 |last=Bryan |first=Patrick E. |title=The Haitian Revolution and its Effects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q9owdkOc0wgC |edition=1st |series=Heinemann CXC history |date=1984 |publisher=Heinemann Educational Publishers |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-0-435-98301-7 |lccn=83239673 |oclc=15655540 |ol=3809991W}}</ref> and became involved in the ''{{lang|fr|[[négritude]]}}'' movement of Haitian author {{nowrap|[[Jean Price-Mars]]}}, both of which led to his advocacy of [[Haitian Vodou]],<ref name="Jenkins 2011">{{citation |mode=cs1 |last=Jenkins |first=Everett Jr. |title=Pan-African Chronology&nbsp;II: A Comprehensive Reference to the Black Quest for Freedom in Africa, the Americas, Europe and Asia,&nbsp;1865–1915 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3IwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA394 |series=Pan-African Chronologies |date=2011 |publisher=McFarland |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn=978-0-7864-4506-6 |lccn=95008294 |oclc=913828919 |page=394 |orig-year=1st pub. 1998 |quote=During the 1930s, Duvalier joined a group of black intellectuals, the Griots. The Griots had begun to study and sanctify Haiti's African heritage. The group's work marked the beginning of a new campaign against the {{bracket|child&nbsp;of&nbsp;two&nbsp;worlds}}&nbsp;elite and an emerging ideology of black power, Haitian style. It was on this ideology that Duvalier later based his political leadership. His pro‑black led to his advocacy of {{bracket|Vodou}}.}}</ref> an ethnological study of which later paid enormous political dividends for him.<ref name="Giles"/><ref name="Juang Morrissette 2008">{{citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Juang |first1=Richard M. |last2=Morrissette |first2=Noelle Anne |title=Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History |volume=1 |date=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-1-85109-441-7 |pages=391–393 |chapter=François Duvalier |lccn=2007035154 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&pg=PA391 |oclc=168716701}}</ref> In 1938, Duvalier co-founded the journal ''[[Les Griots]]''. On 27 December 1939, he married {{nowrap|[[Simone Duvalier]] ({{née|Ovide}})}}, with whom he had four children: Marie‑Denise, Nicole, Simone, and [[Jean-Claude Duvalier|Jean‑Claude]].<ref name="Hall 2012">{{cite book |last=Hall |first=Michael R. |title=Historical Dictionary of Haiti |date=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mJB8hZzjxIC&pg=PA38 |editor-last=Woronoff |editor-first=Jon |editor-link=Jon Woronoff |series=Historical Dictionaries of the Americas |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Lanham, Maryland |page=92 |isbn=978-0-8108-7549-4 |lccn=2011035933 |oclc=751922123 |ol=25025684M |quote=While working in a hospital during the 1930s, {{bracket|Simone&nbsp;Duvalier}} met {{bracket|François}}&nbsp;Duvalier, and the couple married on 27 December 1939. They had four children: Marie‑Denise, Nicole, Simone, and Jean‑Claude Duvalier.}}</ref>