Editing François Certain de Canrobert (section)

== Biography ==
=== Family background ===
François Certain de Canrobert was born in [[Saint-Céré]] in [[Lot (department)|Lot]], where a statue (1897) in his effigy was erected in ''place de la République'' due to Alfred Lenoir.

At his birth, his father, Antoine Certain Canrobert, a former captain, was already 55 years old. This officer of the [[Ancien Regime]] had emigrated in 1791 and served against the French republic in the [[Armée des Émigrés |Armée de Condé]] ({{langx|fr| [[:fr:Armée des émigrés#Armée de Condé|armée de Condé]]}}). His half-brother, Antoine, a brilliant officer and graduate of [[École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr| Saint-Cyr]], was killed by a cannonball at the [[Battle of Ligny]] ({{langx|fr|[[:fr:Bataille de Ligny|Fleurus]]}}) on 16 June 1815, while fighting for [[Napoleon |Emperor Napoleon I]].

Through his father’s sister, Marie-Louise, François Certain de Canrobert was the cousin of [[Adolphe Marbot| Adolphe]] and [[Marcellin Marbot| Marcellin]] Marbot, who became respectively maréchal de camp (général de brigade) and lieutenant-général (général de division) during the [[July Monarchy]] of 1830–1848.

=== Early military career ===
On 19 November 1826, aged 17, Canrobert entered the [[École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr |École Royale spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr]] where he was designated as a [[Ranks in the French Army| caporal]] ([[corporal]]) on 18 May 1828. At his graduation, he was posted to the 47th Line Infantry Regiment ({{langx|fr|[[:fr:47e régiment d'infanterie de ligne|47<sup>e</sup> Régiment d’Infanterie de Ligne]]}}) (RIL), with the rank of [[Ranks in the French Army| Sous-lieutenant]] starting 1 October. He served until 1840 and was promoted to [[Ranks in the French Army|lieutenant]] on 20 January 1832.

=== North Africa ===
In 1835 he arrived with his unit in Algeria, where he engaged in combat on the edges of Oued Sig and Habra. In 1836 he fought in actions at Dar el Achen, Tafna, Sidi Yacoub, La Silal and Bet el Laham.

He was designated as Lieutenant Adjudant Major on 28 September 1836. On 26 April 1837 he was promoted to [[Ranks in the French Army|captain]] and occupied the function of Captain Adjudant Major. He took part in the combat of Medjeoly-Amar and the [[Siege of Constantine]] ({{langx|fr| [[:fr:Siège de Constantine (1837)|Siège de Constantine]]}}) where, as an assistant to colonel Michel Combes ({{langx|fr|[[:fr:Michel Combes (militaire)|Combes]]}}), he was wounded; at the age of 27, Canrobert earned the Knight Cross of the [[Legion d'honneur]].

He was assigned to the 6th Chasseurs Battalion à Pied ({{langx|fr|[[:fr:6e bataillon de chasseurs à pied|6<sup>e</sup> Bataillon]]}}), on 17 October 1840. He took part in the battle of col de Mouzaïa in 1840 ({{langx|fr|[[:fr:Bataille du col de Mouzaïa (1840)|col de la Mouzaïa]]}}). In the following year, he participated in actions at de Nador, de Moursia and confronted the [[Flittas]]. Designated as [[Ranks in the French Army |chef de bataillon]] ([[Ranks in the French Army|commandant]] – [[Major (rank)|major]]) on 22 May 1842, he joined the 13th Light Infantry Regiment ({{langx|fr|[[:fr:13e régiment d'infanterie légère|13<sup>e</sup> Régiment d'Infanterie Légère]]}}). On 16 October he transferred to the 5th Chasseurs Battalion à Pied ({{langx|fr|[[:fr:5e bataillon de chasseurs à pied|5<sup>e</sup> Bataillon de Chasseurs à Pied]]}}), where he gained the Officer Order of the [[Legion d'honneur]] while demonstrating combat capability at Gontas, Baal, Tadjena, [[Battle of Sidi Brahim]] ({{langx|fr|[[:fr:bataille de Sidi-Brahim|Sidi-Brahim]]}}), then near Oued Lemig, during the combat [[Battle of Isly| Isly]] and at Riou.

Promoted [[Ranks in the French Army|lieutenant-colonel]] on 26 October 1845, he was assigned to the 16th Line Infantry Regiment ({{langx|fr|[[:fr:16e régiment d'infanterie de ligne |16<sup>e</sup> RIL]]}}) on 4 September{{Clarify|date=June 2022|reason=4 sep 1846?}}. On 8 June 1847 he was assigned to the 2nd Line Infantry Regiment ({{langx|fr|[[:fr:2e régiment d'infanterie de ligne|2<sup>e</sup> RIL]]}}) and commanded the subdivision of Batna.

=== Transfer to the Legion ===
Promoted to [[Ranks in the French Army|colonel]], on 8 November, he was assigned to the 78th Line Infantry Regiment ({{langx|fr|[[:fr:78e régiment d'infanterie de ligne|3<sup>e</sup> Régiment d'Infanterie Légère]]}}), which he left on 31 March 1848 to take up the functions of regimental commander of the [[2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment |2nd Foreign Legion Regiment]] [[Origins of the French Foreign Legion|2<sup>ème</sup> R.E.L.E]], while simultaneously maintaining the subdivision of Batna. With this unit, he took on [[Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif|Ahmed Bey]] ({{langx|fr|[[:fr:Ahmed Bey|bey Achmed]]}}).

In June he substituted for colonel Jean-François de Cariés de Senilhes ({{langx|fr|[[:fr:Jean-François de Cariés de Senilhes |Cariés de Senilhes]]}}) and took command of the 3rd Zouaves Regiment ({{langx|fr|[[:fr:3e régiment de zouaves|3<sup>e</sup> Régiment de Zouaves]]}}) and the subdivision of Sour El-Ghozlane. In 1849 he was in Beni Mélikech, Sameur, Al Amri. Then he commanded at the battle of Zaatcha ({{langx|fr|[[:fr:Bataille de Zaatcha|siège de Zaatcha]]}}), earning the Commander Neck Order of the [[Legion d'honneur]] on 10 December.

=== General of the Second Empire ===
[[File:François Certain de Canrobert Versailles.png|thumb|right|[[Maréchal de camp]] François Certain de Canrobert in the [[Palace of Versailles]].]]

Recalled to France by the Prince-President [[Napoleon III| Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], he was designated as [[maréchal de camp]] ([[général de brigade]]) starting 12 January 1850. He was nominated as commandant of the infantry brigade of the 1st Division of Paris, on 8 March 1850, then to the command of the 3rd Brigade on 9 February 1851; he contributed to the success in [[Paris]] of the [[French coup d'état of 1851]]. In the afternoon of 4 December 1851, on the Boulevards Montmarte and Poissonnière, the soldiers of the Division commanded by Canrobert came into contact with a crowd formed of the curious and protestors.<ref name="Milza260">Pierre Milza, ''Napoléon III'', Perrin, 2006, p.260</ref><ref name="Gira_153">Louis Girard, ''Napoléon III'', Fayard, 1986. Re-edition : 2002. p.153</ref> In a certain confusion, the soldiers opened fire, causing 100–300 deaths and hundreds of wounded.<ref name="Milza260"/> On the night of 4 December the Parisian resistance to the coup collapsed, with 300 to 400 civilians killed.<ref name="Milza261">Pierre Milza, ''Napoléon III'', Perrin, 2006, p.261</ref> While two-thirds of the protestors comprised workers, amongst them also featured the innocent and curious, victims of the division of Canrobert on the grand boulevards.<ref name="Milza261"/> In all France, 26,884 people were arrested, essentially in the South-East, the South-West and a couple of departments in the Center. Almost 21,000 people were condemned by mixed commissions (composed in each department by prefects, a general, and a magistrate) out of which 9,530 ended in transportation to [[Algeria]] and 239 were sent to Cayenne in [[French Guiana| Guiana]]. On the other hand and quite quickly, all pronounced repression measures declared by the 82 mixed commissions worried President [[Napoleon III| Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]],<ref>Pierre Milza, ''Napoléon III', Perrin, 2006, p.268</ref> who delegated in extraordinary mission, generals Canrobert, [[Charles-Marie-Esprit Espinasse| Espinasse]], and State Council Quentin Bauchart, in order to revise the arrest decisions taken and to prepare acts of ''grâce'' (forgiving the condemned by mercy). Espinasse and Canrobert, placed in charge of the South-West and Languedoc, showed little indulgence towards the condemned, they both accorded a little more than a thousand acts of forgiveness, while State Counselor Quentin-Bauchart, charged with the South-East, accorded alone 3,400 forgiveness sentences, while Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte in his own right forgave numerous condemnations.<ref>[[Maurice Agulhon]] in ''1848 ou l'apprentissage de la République 1848–1852'', Paris, Le Seuil, 1973 p.235-236</ref>

Following these events Canrobert gained the function of [[aide de camp]] to the Prince-President, and later to the Emperor. Promoted [[Général de division]] on 14 January 1853, he commanded the infantry division at camp Helfaut-Saint Omer, as of 27 April. In May he became the inspector general of the 5th Infantry Arrondissement for the year 1853 before being designated to the infantry division of the [[Armée d'Orient (disambiguation) | Orient Army]] on 23 February 1854.

=== Crimea ===
As [[Ranks in the French Army| Général de division]], he participated to the [[Crimean War]] of 1853–1856 and became commander in chief after Marshal [[Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud| Saint-Arnaud]], who died in September 1854. He took part in action at [[Dobruja]] (July 1854) and in the [[Battle of Alma]] (20 September 1854), where he was slightly wounded. He was elevated to the Grand Officer Order of the [[Legion d'honneur]] on 1 October. Present at the [[Battle of Balaclava]] (25 October 1854) and the [[Battle of Inkerman]], he was wounded during the course of the latter, on 5 November 1854. He was accordingly promoted to the Order of the [[Legion d'honneur| Grand-Croix of the Légion d'honneur]]. On 13 January 1855, he received the [[Medaille Militaire]].

Judged{{by whom?|date=June 2021}} too timorous, he was relieved by general [[Aimable Pélissier]] (16 May 1855). He accordingly reassumed command of his former division, which became the 1st Infantry Division of the 2nd Corps. This situation having become difficult, Napoleon III insisted that Canrobert return to France. After several refusals, in August 1855 Canrobert returned to Paris to take up his functions as aide de camp.

His disputes with [[FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan |Lord Raglan]], general of the [[British Army]], obliged him to relinquish his command. On 18 March 1856, he was elevated to the dignity of [[Marshal of France]].

=== Italy ===
[[File:Carpenedolo-Lapide a Canrobert e Niel.JPG|thumb|right|Commemorative plaque honouring François Certain de Canrobert and [[Adolphe Niel]] in [[Carpenedolo]].]]

In February 1858 he commanded the division of the East at Nancy, then the [[Camp de Châlons]], starting from 1 June 1858. On 22 April 1859 he received the command of the 3rd Army Corps of the Alpes and participated in the [[Second Italian War of Independence |campaign of Italy]] from April to July, passing by Turin, Dorial, Balba, Magenta and Solferino. He distinguished himself during the [[Battle of Magenta]] (4 June 1859) and was a major contributor to the victory at the [[Battle of Solferino]] on 24 June 1859.

=== France ===
[[File:Jouy-en-Josas Château Églantine.jpg|thumb|right|The Eglantine Castle, built in the middle of the 19th century by Marshal Canrobert.]]

He then joined the garrison at Nancy with his army corps. He became commandant of the 3rd Military Arrondissement at Nancy, on 27 August. In 1862 he commanded the troops of the Camp de Châlons, then took command of the 4th Army Corps at Lyon, starting in October. On 22 June 1856 he commanded the 1st Army Corps of the 1st Military Division of Paris.

=== 1870–1871 ===
Following the outbreak of the [[Franco-Prussian War]] on 19 July 1870, on 12 August 1870, Canrobert declined to take command of the [[Army of the Rhine (1870)|Army of the Rhine]], petrified by the responsibilities which would ensue. Abandoning the post to [[François Achille Bazaine| Bazaine]], Canrobert became an obedient subordinate. He took part in the battles of [[Sainte-Barbe, Moselle| Sainte-Barbe]], [[Noisseville]] and [[Woippy| Landonchamps]]. On 16/18 August, he commanded the [[Army of the Rhine (1870) |6th Army Corps]] and demonstrated distinguished capability at [[Battle of Gravelotte| Saint-Privat]] where he shook three corps of [[Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz |Général von Steinmetz]] and decimated the 1st Infantry Regiment of the Prussian Guard ({{langx|fr|[[:fr:1er régiment d'infanterie de la garde prussienne|garde royale prussienne]]}}). However, due to a mistake in the supply of ammunition and reinforcements, he abandoned his position. He was made prisoner – with Marshal Bazaine – during the [[Siege of Metz (1870)| surrender of Metz]] on 28 October 1870. Following several months in captivity, he was liberated and returned to France in March 1871.