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== History == In the [[Greco-Roman world]], uncircumcised [[genital]]s, including the [[foreskin]], were considered a sign of beauty, [[civility]], and masculinity.<ref name="Neusner">{{Cquote|Circumcised [[barbarians]], along with any others who revealed the ''[[glans penis]]'', were the butt of ribald [[Roman jokes|humor]]. For [[Ancient Greek art|Greek art]] portrays the foreskin, often drawn in meticulous detail, as an emblem of male beauty; and children with congenitally short foreskins were sometimes subjected to a treatment, known as ''[[epispasm]]'', that was aimed at elongation.|author=[[Jacob Neusner]]|source=''Approaches to Ancient Judaism, New Series: Religious and Theological Studies'' (1993), p. 149, Scholars Press.}}</ref> In [[Classical civilization|Classical Greek and Roman societies]] (8th century BC to 6th century AD), exposure of the glans was considered disgusting and improper, and did not conform to the [[Hellenistic]] ideal of gymnastic nudity.<ref name="Neusner"/> Men with short foreskins would wear the [[kynodesme]] to prevent exposure.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hodges FM | title = The ideal prepuce in ancient Greece and Rome: male genital aesthetics and their relation to lipodermos, circumcision, foreskin restoration, and the kynodesme | journal = Bulletin of the History of Medicine | volume = 75 | issue = 3 | pages = 375β405 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11568485 | doi = 10.1353/bhm.2001.0119 | publisher = [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] | s2cid = 29580193 }}</ref> As a consequence of this [[social stigma]], an early form of foreskin restoration known as ''epispasm'' was practiced among some [[Jews]] in [[Ancient Rome]] (8th century BC to 5th century AD).<ref name="Rubin">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rubin JP | title = Celsus' decircumcision operation: medical and historical implications | journal = Urology | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | pages = 121β4 | date = July 1980 | pmid = 6994325 | doi = 10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4 }}</ref> Foreskin restoration is of ancient origin and dates back to the [[Alexandrian Empire]] (333 BC). Hellenized Jews stopped circumcising their sons to avoid persecution and so they could participate in the gymnasium. Some Jews at this time attempted to restore their foreskins, which caused conflict within Second Temple Judaism, some Jews viewed circumcision as an essential part of the Jewish identity (1 Maccabees 1:15).<ref>Barry, John D., David Bomar, Derek R. Brown, Rachel Klippenstein, Douglas Mangum, Carrie Sinclair Wolcott, Lazarus Wentz, Elliot Ritzema, and Wendy Widder, eds. The Lexham Bible Dictionary. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2016.</ref> Following the death of Alexander, Judea and the Levant was part of the [[Seleucid Empire]] under [[Antiochus Epiphanes]] (175-164 BC). Antiochus outlawed the Jewish practice of circumcision, both 1st and 2nd Maccabees records Jewish mothers being put to death for circumcising their sons (1:60-61 and 6:10 respectively).<ref>Aymer, Margaret. βActs of the Apostles.β In Womenβs Bible Commentary, edited by Carol A. Newsom, Jacqueline E. Lapsley, and Sharon H. Ringe, Revised and Updated. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2012.</ref> Some Jews during Antiochus' persecution sought to undo their circumcision.<ref>Kaiser, Walter C., Jr., Peter H. Davids, F. F. Bruce, and Manfred T. Brauch. Hard Sayings of the Bible. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1996.</ref> Within the 1st century A.D., there was still some forms of foreskin restoration being sought after (1 Corinthians 7:18). During the third [[Jewish-Roman Wars]] (AD 132β135), the Romans had renamed Jerusalem as Aelia Capitolian and may have banned circumcision; however, Roman sources from the period only mention [[castration]] and say nothing about banning circumcision. During the [[Bar Kokhba]] revolt, there is Rabbinic evidence that records, Jews who had removed their circumcision (meaning that foreskin restoration was still being practiced) they were recircumcised, voluntarily or by force.<ref>Ramos, Alex. βBar Kokhba.β In The Lexham Bible Dictionary, edited by John D. Barry, David Bomar, Derek R. Brown, Rachel Klippenstein, Douglas Mangum, Carrie Sinclair Wolcott, Lazarus Wentz, Elliot Ritzema, and Wendy Widder. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2016.</ref> Again, during [[World War II]], some [[European Jew]]s sought foreskin restoration to avoid [[The Holocaust|Nazi persecution]].<ref name="Tushmet">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tushmet L | title = Uncircumcision | journal = Medical Times | date = 1965 | volume = 93 | issue = 6 | pages = 588β93 | url = http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/tushmet1/ | doi = | pmid = | pmc = | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131023040652/http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/tushmet1/ | archive-date = 2013-10-23 }}{{MEDRS|date=September 2016}}</ref>
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