Editing Foreign relations of Russia (section)

== History ==
===Foreign policy of the Russian Empire===
{{main|Foreign policy of the Russian Empire}}

===Foreign relations of the Soviet Union===
{{main|Foreign relations of the Soviet Union}}

=== Foreign policy of the Russian Federation ===
{{main|Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Foreign policy of Vladimir Putin}}
In international affairs, Putin had made increasingly critical public statements regarding the [[foreign policy of the United States]] and other Western countries. In February 2007, at the annual [[Munich Security Conference|Munich Conference on Security Policy]], he criticized what he called the United States' monopolistic dominance in global relations, and claimed that the United States displayed an "almost unconstrained hyper use of force in international relations". He said the result of it is that "no one feels safe! Because no one can feel that [[international law]] is like a stone wall that will protect them. Of course such a policy stimulates an arms race."<ref name="Munich">43rd [[Munich Conference on Security Policy]]. [http://president.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/02/10/0138_type82912type82914type82917type84779_118123.shtml Putin's speech in English] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504052149/http://president.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/02/10/0138_type82912type82914type82917type84779_118123.shtml |date=4 May 2008}}, 10 February 2007.</ref><ref>Liquid Courage, ''The American''. By Charlie Szrom and Thomas Brugato. [http://www.american.com/archive/2008/february-02-08/liquid-courage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026181906/http://american.com/archive/2008/february-02-08/liquid-courage/|date=26 October 2010}}, 22 February 2008. See also Brugato, Thomas. (2008). Drunk On Oil: Russian Foreign Policy 2000–2007. Berkeley Undergraduate Journal, 21(2). Retrieved from: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/26d7t54f</ref>[[File:Putin in Switzerland 2021 10.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Vladimir Putin meeting with [[President of the United States|American president]] [[Joe Biden]], 2021.]]
[[File:Vladimir Putin and Benyamin Netanyahu (2016-04-21) 01.jpg|thumb|180px|Meeting with [[Prime Minister of Israel|Israeli prime minister]] [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], 2016.]]

Putin proposed initiatives such as establishing international centers for the [[Enriched uranium|enrichment of uranium]] and prevention of deploying [[Militarisation of space|weapons in outer space]].<ref name="Munich" /> In a January 2007 interview, Putin stated that Russia is in favor of a democratic multipolar world, and of strengthening the system of international law.<ref>[http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/01/18/0726_type82916_117121.shtml Interview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504052123/http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/01/18/0726_type82916_117121.shtml |date=4 May 2008}} for Indian Television Channel Doordarshan and Press Trust of India News Agency, 18 January 2007.</ref>

==== 2000-2006 ====
Putin is often characterized as an [[Autocracy|autocrat]] by the Western media and politicians.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A21853-2004Sep14.html ''Stand Up to Putin.'' by Robert Kagan] [[The Washington Post]] 15 September 2004</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/13/opinion/mcfaul.php |title=The myth of Putin's success |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123102209/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/13/opinion/mcfaul.php|archive-date=23 January 2009}}</ref> His relationship with former U.S. President [[George W. Bush]], former and current Brazilian President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], former Venezuelan President [[Hugo Chávez]], former German [[Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic)|Chancellor]] [[Gerhard Schröder]], former French President [[Jacques Chirac]], and former Italian Prime Minister [[Silvio Berlusconi]] are reported to be personally friendly. Putin's relationship with Germany's former Chancellor, [[Angela Merkel]], is reported to be "cooler" and "more business-like" than his partnership with Gerhard Schröder, who accepted a job with a Russian-led consortium after leaving office.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4618860.stm Merkel cools Berlin Moscow ties] BBC News 16 January 2006</ref>

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During the [[Iraq disarmament crisis]] in 2002–2003, Putin opposed Washington's move to invade [[Iraq]], without the benefit of a [[United Nations Security Council]] resolution explicitly authorizing the use of military force. After the official end of the war was announced, U.S. president [[George W. Bush]] asked the United Nations to lift sanctions on Iraq. Putin supported lifting of the sanctions in due course, arguing that the UN commission first be given a chance to complete its work on the search for weapons of mass destruction in Iraq.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
During the [[2004 Ukrainian presidential election]], Putin twice visited Ukraine before the election to show his support for Ukrainian Prime Minister [[Viktor Yanukovych]], who was widely seen as a pro-Kremlin candidate, and he congratulated him on his anticipated victory before the official election results had been in.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-04-08 |title=Putin Congratulates Yanukovych On Presidential 'Victory' |language=en |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1056008.html |access-date=2023-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McFaul |first=Michael |date=13 December 2004 |title=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2004/12/putin-gambles-big-and-loses?lang=en}}</ref> Putin's personal support for Yanukovych was criticized as unwarranted interference in the affairs of a sovereign state (''See also [[Orange Revolution|The Orange revolution]]''). Crises also developed in Russia's relations with [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Moldova]], both former Soviet republics accusing Moscow of supporting separatist entities in their territories.

In 2005, Putin and former German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder negotiated the construction of a [[Nord Stream 1|major gas pipeline over the Baltic]] exclusively between Russia and Germany. Schröder also attended Putin's 53rd birthday celebration in Saint Petersburg the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schröder to Visit Russia for Putin's Birthday – DW – 10/04/2005 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/schr%C3%B6der-to-visit-russia-for-putins-birthday/a-1729703 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>

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The end of 2006 brought strained relations between Russia and Britain, in the wake of the death of [[Alexander Litvinenko|a former FSB officer]] in London by poisoning. On 20 July 2007, UK [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Gordon Brown]] expelled "four Russian envoys over Putin's refusal to extradite ex-KGB agent [[Andrei Lugovoi]], wanted in the UK for the murder of fellow former spy [[Alexander Litvinenko]] in London."<ref name="expul">{{cite news|title=Brown Defends Russian Expulsions, Decries Killings|author=Gonzalo Vina and Sebastian Alison|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601102&sid=ajvS9NfMW2EE&refer=uk|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=20 July 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035325/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601102&sid=ajvS9NfMW2EE&refer=uk|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> The Russian constitution prohibits the extradition of Russian nationals to third countries. British Foreign Secretary [[David Miliband]] said that "this situation is not unique, and other countries have amended their constitutions, for example, to give effect to the European Arrest Warrant".<ref>[http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029391629&a=KArticle&aid=1183544695364 David Miliband's oral statement to the Commons on the Litvinenko case], 16 July 2007</ref>

When Litvinenko was dying from radiation poisoning, he accused Putin of directing the assassination, in a statement which was released shortly after his death by his friend [[Alexander Goldfarb (biologist)|Alex Goldfarb]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6180262.stm |title=In full: Litvinenko statement |work=BBC News |date=24 November 2006}}</ref> Critics have doubted that Litvinenko is the true author of the released statement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.izvestia.ru/investigation/article3098756/?print |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517123057/http://www.izvestia.ru/investigation/article3098756/?print |url-status=dead |title=В смерти Литвиненко виновен советский "Луноход"?|archive-date=17 May 2011|website=iz.ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.townhall.com/Columnists/PatrickJBuchanan/2006/11/27/is_putin_being_set_u |title=Conservative Columnists with Political News Commentary, Analysis |publisher=Townhall.com |access-date=18 July 2015}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> When asked about the Litvinenko accusations, Putin said that a statement released posthumously of its author "naturally deserves no comment".<ref>[http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2006/11/24/2355_type82914type82915_114506.shtml Joint Press Conference after Russia-EU Summit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305001248/http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2006/11/24/2355_type82914type82915_114506.shtml |date=5 March 2008}}, Helsinki, Finland, 24 November 2006</ref>

The expulsions were seen as "the biggest rift since the countries expelled each other's diplomats in 1996 after a spying dispute."<ref name="expul" /> In response to the situation, Putin stated "I think we will overcome this mini-crisis. Russian-British relations will develop normally. On both the Russian side and the British side, we are interested in the development of those relations."<ref name="expul" /> Despite this, British Ambassador [[Tony Brenton]] was told by the Russian Foreign Ministry that UK diplomats would be given 10 days before they were expelled in response. The Russian government also announced that it would suspend issuing visas to UK officials, and froze cooperation on counterterrorism, in response to Britain suspending contacts with their Federal Security Service.<ref name="expul" />

Alexander Shokhin, president of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, warned that British investors in Russia will "face greater scrutiny from tax and regulatory authorities. [And] They could also lose out in government tenders".<ref name="expul" /> Some see the crisis as originating with Britain's decision to grant Putin's former patron, Russian billionaire [[Boris Berezovsky (businessman)|Boris Berezovsky]], political asylum in 2003.<ref name="expul" /> Earlier in 2007, Berezovsky had called for the overthrow of Putin.<ref name="expul" />

==== 2007-2009 ====

[[File:Vladimir Putin and Raúl Castro (2015-09-28) 02.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Meeting with [[Raúl Castro]] from [[Cuba]].]]
Putin took an active personal part in promoting the [[Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate]] signed 17 May 2007, which restored relations between the Moscow-based [[Russian Orthodox Church]] and [[ROCOR|Russian Orthodox Church outside Russia]] after the 80-year [[schism]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/world/4815010.html|date=17 May 2007|title=Russian Orthodox Church ends 80-year split|author=David Holley|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

The [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS), seen in Moscow as its traditional sphere of influence, became one of Putin's foreign policy priorities, as the EU and [[NATO]] have grown to encompass much of Central Europe and, more recently, the [[Baltic states]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

In his annual address to the Federal Assembly on 26 April 2007, Putin announced plans to declare a moratorium on the observance of the [[Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe]] by Russia until all NATO members ratified it and started observing its provisions, as Russia had been doing on a unilateral basis.<ref name="annual_address_cfe" /> Putin argues that as new NATO members have not even signed the treaty so far, an imbalance in the presence of NATO and Russian armed forces in Europe creates a real threat, and an unpredictable situation for Russia.<ref name="annual_address_cfe">[http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/04/26/1209_type70029type82912_125670.shtml Annual Address to the Federal Assembly] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504052130/http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/04/26/1209_type70029type82912_125670.shtml |date=4 May 2008}}, 26 April 2007, Kremlin, Moscow</ref> NATO members said they would refuse to ratify the treaty, until Russia complied with its 1999 commitments made in Istanbul, whereby Russia should remove troops and military equipment from [[Moldova]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Russian Foreign Minister, [[Sergey Lavrov]], was quoted as saying in response that "Russia has long since fulfilled all its Istanbul obligations relevant to CFE".<ref>[http://www.izvestia.ru/news/news156321 Lavrov Announced Conditions of Resuming CFE Observance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405032637/http://www.izvestia.ru/news/news156321 |date=5 April 2008}}, 3 December 2007, Izvestia.ru</ref>
The Russo-Ukrainian War, also known as the Russo-Ukrainian conflict, has been ongoing since 2014 when Russia annexed Crimea and supported separatist movements in eastern Ukraine. The conflict has claimed thousands of lives and displaced millions of people in the region. Despite several attempts at peace negotiations, the fighting continues to escalate, with both sides accusing each other of violating ceasefires and committing human rights abuses. Russia, under the leadership of President Vladimir Putin, continues to be a major player on the world stage with significant influence in international affairs. Putin, who has been in power since 1999, has maintained a strong grip on power through a combination of authoritarian measures and strategic foreign policy decisions. However, internal challenges such as economic stagnation, corruption, and political repression have raised questions about the long-term stability of the country.

Economically, Russia has faced significant challenges in recent years, with [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|international sanctions]] imposed in response to its [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]] in 2014 contributing to a decline in foreign investment and economic growth. The country's heavy reliance on oil and gas exports has made it vulnerable to fluctuations in global energy prices, leading to economic instability. Inflation, rising poverty levels, and a shrinking middle class have further exacerbated the country's economic woes, raising concerns about the government's ability to address these pressing issues.

Politically, Russia has faced criticism for its crackdown on political dissent and civil liberties. Opposition figures, journalists, and human rights activists have been targeted for their criticism of the government, leading to a climate of fear and censorship. The government's control over the media and its manipulation of elections have raised concerns about the lack of political pluralism and democracy in the country. The poisoning of opposition leader Alexei Navalny in 2020 has further drawn attention to the government's use of violence and intimidation against its critics.

Internationally, Russia has sought to assert its influence in various regions, including Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia. The country's military intervention in Syria in 2015 played a crucial role in bolstering the Assad regime and shaping the outcome of the conflict. Russia's annexation of Crimea and support for separatist movements in eastern Ukraine have sparked tensions with the West, leading to a breakdown in relations with the United States and the European Union. The country's close ties with other authoritarian regimes, such as Belarus and Venezuela, have further isolated Russia from the international community.

Despite these challenges, Russia continues to maintain a strong military presence and a significant nuclear arsenal, positioning itself as a key player in global security affairs. The country's military modernization efforts and investment in advanced weaponry have raised concerns about a new arms race with the United States and NATO. Russia's involvement in cyber warfare and disinformation campaigns has also highlighted the country's willingness to use non-traditional methods to achieve its strategic objectives.

In recent years, Russia has faced increasing pressure from civil society groups and grassroots movements advocating for political change and social reform. Protests against government corruption, environmental degradation, and human rights abuses have highlighted the growing discontent among the Russian population. The government's response to these protests, including arrests and crackdowns, has further fueled tensions between the state and society.

The COVID-19 pandemic has also had a significant impact on Russia, with the country struggling to contain the spread of the virus and manage its economic fallout. Despite being one of the first countries to roll out a COVID-19 vaccine, Russia has faced criticism for its handling of the crisis, including allegations of underreporting cases and deaths. The pandemic has further strained the country's healthcare system and exposed underlying inequalities in Russian society.

Looking ahead, the future of Russia remains uncertain, with questions about the country's political direction, economic stability, and international relations looming large. The upcoming parliamentary elections in 2021 and the presidential elections in 2024 will be crucial in shaping the country's trajectory and determining its place in the global order. As Russia grapples with multiple challenges at home and abroad, the need for meaningful reforms and a more inclusive political system has become increasingly urgent. The country's ability to address these pressing issues will determine its long-term viability and influence on the world stage.
The conflict has not only had a devastating impact on the people of Ukraine but has also strained relations between Russia and the West. The annexation of Crimea by Russia led to sanctions being imposed by the United States and the European Union, further complicating the situation. The conflict has heightened tensions between Russia and NATO, with the alliance increasing its military presence in Eastern Europe in response to Russian aggression.

The future of the Russo-Ukrainian War remains uncertain, with the possibility of a peaceful resolution seeming increasingly unlikely. The ongoing conflict has left a deep scar on the region and has had far-reaching consequences for international relations. As the fighting continues, the humanitarian situation in Ukraine worsens, with civilians bearing the brunt of the violence. It is imperative for the international community to work towards finding a diplomatic solution to end the conflict and bring much-needed peace to the region.
Russia suspended its participation in the CFE on 11 December 2007.<ref>{{cite news | title = Russia walks away from CFE arms treaty | agency = [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] via [[Financial Express (Bangladesh)|The Financial Express]] | date = 12 December 2007 | url = http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/search_index.php?page=detail_news&news_id=19828 | access-date = 13 December 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111120175744/http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/search_index.php?page=detail_news&news_id=19828 | archive-date = 20 November 2011 | url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Russia Suspends Participation In CFE Treaty | publisher=[[Radio Liberty]] | date= 12 December 2007 | url = http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/12/b1d3648d-7728-4fbb-8c52-0d2d2ee65453.html | access-date =13 December 2007}}</ref> On 12 December 2007, the United States officially stated that it "deeply regretted the Russian Federation's decision to 'suspend' implementation of its obligations under the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)." State Department spokesman [[Sean McCormack]], in a written statement, added that "Russia's conventional forces are the largest on the European continent, and its unilateral action damages this successful arms control regime."<ref>{{cite news | title = US 'deeply regrets' Russia's 'wrong' decision on CFE | agency=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] | date= 12 December 2007 | url = http://www.spacewar.com/reports/US_deeply_regrets_Russias_wrong_decision_on_CFE_999.html | access-date =13 December 2007}}</ref> NATO's primary concern arising from Russia's suspension is that Moscow could now accelerate its military presence in the [[North Caucasus|Northern Caucasus]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Putin poised to freeze arms pact as assertiveness grows | newspaper=[[Financial Times]] | date= 12 December 2007 | url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/bf64d30e-a855-11dc-9485-0000779fd2ac.html | access-date =13 December 2007}}</ref>
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The months following Putin's [[Munich]] speech<ref name="Munich" /> were marked by tension, and a surge in rhetoric on both sides of the Atlantic. As a result, Vladimir Putin stated at the anniversary of the Victory Day, "these threats are not becoming fewer, but are only transforming and changing their appearance. These new threats, just as under the Third Reich, show the same contempt for human life, and the same aspiration to establish an exclusive dictate over the world."<ref>[http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/05/09/1432_type82912type127286_127675.shtml Speech at the Military Parade Celebrating the 62nd Anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305001549/http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/05/09/1432_type82912type127286_127675.shtml |date=5 March 2008}}, Red Square, Moscow, 9 May 2007</ref> This was interpreted by some Russian and Western commentators as comparing the U.S. to [[Nazi Germany]].<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070607162323/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fopinion%2F2007%2F06%2F05%2Fdo0502.xml Putin is playing a dangerous game] By [[Anne Applebaum]], 5 June 2007</ref>

On the eve of the 2007 33rd Summit of the G8 in [[Heiligendamm]], American journalist [[Anne Applebaum]], who is married to a Polish politician, wrote that "Whether by waging [[Cyberattacks on Estonia 2007|cyberwarfare on Estonia]], threatening the gas supplies of Lithuania, or boycotting [[2006 Russian ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines|Georgian wine]] and Polish meat, he [Putin] has, over the past few years, made it clear that he intends to reassert Russian influence in the former communist states of Europe, whether those states want Russian influence or not. At the same time, he has also made it clear that he no longer sees Western nations as mere benign trading partners, but rather as [[Cold War]]-style threats."<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Normandy format (2019-10-09) 03.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Meeting with European leaders, 2019]]
British academic [[Norman Stone]] in his article "No wonder they like Putin" compared Putin to General [[Charles de Gaulle]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20100525073652/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2994651.ece No wonder they like Putin.] by [[Norman Stone]] [[The Times]] 4 December 2007.</ref> Adi Ignatius argues that "Putin... is not a [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]. There are no mass purges in Russia today, no broad climate of terror. But Putin is reconstituting a strong state, and anyone who stands in his way will pay for it".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071221162201/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/personoftheyear/article/0,28804,1690753_1690757_1690766-6,00.html Person of the Year 2007: A Tsar Is Born] by Adi Ignatius, Retrieved on 19 December 2007, Time.com</ref> Both Russian and American officials always denied the idea of a [[new Cold War]]. So, the US Secretary of Defense [[Robert Gates]] said yet on the Munich Conference: "We all face many common problems and challenges that must be addressed in partnership with other countries, including Russia.... One Cold War was quite enough."<ref>[http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=1123 Speech of Robert M. Gates], Munich Conference on Security Policy, Germany, 11 February 2007. U.S. Department of Defense</ref> Vladimir Putin said prior to 33rd G8 Summit, on 4 June 2007: "we do not want confrontation; we want to engage in dialogue. However, we want a dialogue that acknowledges the equality of both parties' interests."<ref name="Int_G8_2007">{{cite news|title=Interview with Newspaper Journalists from G8 Member Countries|author=the Internet Department of the Presidential Press and Information Office|url=http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/06/04/2149_type82916_132716.shtml|publisher=The Presidential Press and Information Office|date=4 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504052139/http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/06/04/2149_type82916_132716.shtml|archive-date=4 May 2008}}</ref>

Putin publicly opposed to a [[United States national missile defense|U.S. missile shield]] in Europe, presented President [[George W. Bush]] with a counterproposal on 7 June 2007 of sharing the use of the Soviet-era radar system in [[Azerbaijan]], rather than building a new system in [[Poland]] and the [[Czech Republic]]. Putin expressed readiness to modernize the [[Qabala|Gabala]] radar station, which has been in operation since 1986. Putin proposed it would not be necessary to place interceptor missiles in Poland then, but interceptors could be placed in NATO member [[Turkey]] or [[Iraq]]. Putin suggested equal involvement of interested European countries in the project.<ref>[http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/06/08/2251_type82914type82915_133552.shtml Press Conference following the end of the G8 Summit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504052143/http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/06/08/2251_type82914type82915_133552.shtml |date=4 May 2008}}, 8 June 2007</ref>

In a 4 June 2007 interview with journalists of G8 countries, when answering the question of whether Russian nuclear forces may be focused on European targets in case "the United States continues building a strategic shield in Poland and the Czech Republic", Putin admitted that "if part of the United States' nuclear capability is situated in Europe and that our military experts consider that they represent a potential threat then we will have to take appropriate retaliatory steps. What steps? Of course we must have new targets in Europe."<ref name="Int_G8_2007" /><ref>Doug Sanders, [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070602.wputin01/BNStory/International/home "Putin threatens to target Europe with missiles"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231091845/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070602.wputin01/BNStory/International/home |date=31 December 2008}}, ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', 2 June 2007</ref>

[[File:CSTO_and_SCO.png|thumb|[[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]] and [[Collective Security Treaty Organization|CSTO]] members]]
Following the 2007 Peace Mission military exercises jointly conducted by the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] (SCO) member states, Putin announced on 17 August 2007, that the resumption on a permanent basis of long-distance patrol flights of Russia's strategic bombers that were suspended in 1992.<ref name="heavy-fighters-statement">[http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/08/17/2033_type82915_141812.shtml Press Statement following the Peace Mission 2007 Counterterrorism Exercises and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Summit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531070445/http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/08/17/2033_type82915_141812.shtml |date=31 May 2008}}, 17 August 2007, Chelyabinsk Region</ref> The announcement made during the SCO summit in the light of joint Russian-Chinese military exercises, first-ever in history to be held on Russian territory,<ref name="km-sco-joint-exercises">[http://student.km.ru/view.asp?id=4BD4CBA669F042EAB8331FB653FC38FE&idrubr=5D21D4E03EB74A98AAA30F8F45C5E31E SCO Scares NATO] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210143912/http://student.km.ru/view.asp?id=4BD4CBA669F042EAB8331FB653FC38FE&idrubr=5D21D4E03EB74A98AAA30F8F45C5E31E |date=10 February 2012}}, 8 August 2007, KM.ru</ref> makes some believe that Putin is inclined to set up an anti-[[NATO]] bloc, or the Asian version of [[OPEC]].<ref>[http://www.chas-daily.com/win/2007/08/20/v_034.html?r=3 Russia Over Three Oceans] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208041825/http://www.chas-daily.com/win/2007/08/20/v_034.html?r=3 |date=8 February 2012}}, 20 August 2007, "Chas", Latvia</ref>

When presented with the suggestion that "Western observers are already likening the SCO to a military organisation that would stand in opposition to NATO", Putin answered that "this kind of comparison is inappropriate in both form and substance".<ref name="heavy-fighters-statement" /> Russian Chief of the General Staff [[Yury Baluyevsky]] was quoted as saying that "there should be no talk of creating a military or political alliance or union of any kind, because this would contradict the founding principles of SCO".<ref name="km-sco-joint-exercises" />

The resumption of long-distance flights of Russia's strategic bombers was followed by the announcement by Russian Defense Minister [[Anatoly Serdyukov]] during his meeting with Putin on 5 December 2007, that 11 ships, including the aircraft carrier [[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov|''Kuznetsov'']], would take part in the first major navy sortie into the Mediterranean since Soviet times.<ref>[http://president.kremlin.ru/appears/2007/12/05/1940_type63378_153373.shtml Beginning of Meeting with Defense Minister Anatoliy Serdyukov] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608051601/http://president.kremlin.ru/appears/2007/12/05/1940_type63378_153373.shtml |date=8 June 2008}}, 5 December 2007, Kremlin.ru</ref> The sortie was to be backed up by 47 aircraft, including strategic bombers.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL0518563620071205 Guy Faulconbridge. ''Russian navy to start sorties in Mediterranean''] [[Reuters]] 5 December 2007.</ref> According to Serdyukov, this is an effort to resume regular Russian naval patrols on the world's oceans, the view that is also supported by Russian media.<ref>[http://www.vz.ru/news/2007/12/5/129713.html Российский флот возобновил присутствие в Мировом океане] ''Russia's Navy Has Resumed Presence in World Ocean''] Vzglyad.ru (Russian) 5 December 2007.</ref> The military analyst from ''[[Novaya Gazeta]]'' [[Pavel Felgenhauer]] believes that the accident-prone ''[[Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier|Kuznetsov]]'' is scarcely seaworthy, and is more of a menace to her crew than any putative enemy.<ref>[http://novayagazeta.ru/data/2007/95/17.html Павел Фельгенгауэр. ''Семь честных слов под килем''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520014436/http://novayagazeta.ru/data/2007/95/17.html |date=20 May 2008}} [[Novaya gazeta|''Novaya Gazeta'']] No. 95 13 December 2007.</ref>

In September 2007, Putin visited Indonesia, and in doing so, became the first Russian leader to visit the country in more than 50 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brtsis.com/rrubb.htm |title=Russia Courts Indonesia |access-date=28 January 2008 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221225316/http://www.brtsis.com/rrubb.htm |archive-date=21 February 2008}}</ref> In the same month, Putin also attended the [[APEC]] meeting held in Sydney, Australia, where he met with Australian Prime Minister [[John Howard]], and signed a uranium trade deal. This was the first visit of a Russian president to Australia.

On 16 October 2007, Putin visited [[Tehran]], Iran to participate in the Second Caspian Summit,<ref name="rbc-iran-tehran">[http://top.rbc.ru/politics/16/10/2007/122607.shtml Putin: Iran Has Right to Develop Peaceful Nuclear Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406094726/http://top.rbc.ru/politics/16/10/2007/122607.shtml |date=6 April 2008}}, 16 October 2007, Rbc.ru</ref> where he met with Iranian leader [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]].<ref>[http://president.kremlin.ru/text/news/2007/10/148432.shtml Putin Positive on Second Caspian Summit Results, Meets With Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504052206/http://president.kremlin.ru/text/news/2007/10/148432.shtml |date=4 May 2008}}, 16 October 2007, Kremlin.ru</ref> Other participants were leaders of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and [[Turkmenistan]].<ref>[http://president.kremlin.ru/events/chron/2007/10/148247.shtml Visit to Iran. Second Caspian Summit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504052159/http://president.kremlin.ru/events/chron/2007/10/148247.shtml |date=4 May 2008}}, 15–16 October 2007, Kremlin.ru</ref> This is the first visit of a leader from the Kremlin to Iran, since [[Joseph Stalin]]'s participation in the [[Tehran Conference]] in 1943.<ref>[http://www.inosmi.ru/translation/237237.html Vladimir Putin defies assassination threats to make historic visit to Tehran] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120090706/http://www.inosmi.ru/translation/237237.html |date=20 January 2008}}, 16 October 2007, The Times (In Russian)</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080726124113/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2666142.ece Vladimir Putin defies assassination threats to make historic visit to Tehran], 16 October 2007, The Times (In English)</ref> At a press conference after the summit, Putin stated that "all our (Caspian) states have the right to develop their peaceful nuclear programmes without any restrictions".<ref>[http://president.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/10/16/2020_type82914type82915_148460.shtml Answer to a Question at the Joint Press Conference Following the Second Caspian Summit] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504052153/http://president.kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/10/16/2020_type82914type82915_148460.shtml |date=4 May 2008}}, 16 October 2007, Tehran, Kremlin.ru</ref> During the summit, it was also agreed that its participants, under no circumstances, would let any third-party state use their territory as a base for aggression or military action against any other participant.<ref name="rbc-iran-tehran" />

On 26 October 2007, at a press conference following the 20th Russia-EU Summit in [[Portugal]], Putin proposed to create a Russian-European Institute for Freedom and Democracy, headquartered either in Brussels, or in one of the European capitals, and added that "we are ready to supply funds for financing it, just as Europe covers the costs of projects in Russia".<ref>[http://kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/10/26/1918_type82914type82915_149706.shtml Press Statement and Answers to Questions following the 20th Russia-European Union Summit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209192850/http://kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2007/10/26/1918_type82914type82915_149706.shtml |date=9 February 2008}}, 26 October 2007, Mafra, Portugal, Kremlin.ru</ref> This newly proposed institution is expected to monitor human rights violations in Europe, and contribute to development of European democracy.<ref>[http://www.izvestia.ru/politic/article3109784/ Russia Will Finance European Democracy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131140037/http://www.izvestia.ru/politic/article3109784/ |date=31 January 2008}}, 29 October 2007, Izvestia.ru</ref>

Russian President Vladimir Putin and ex-U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] failed to resolve their differences over U.S. plans for the planned missile defense system based in [[Poland]] and the [[Czech Republic]], on their meeting in the Russian [[Black Sea]] resort of [[Sochi]] on 6 April 2008. Putin made clear that he did not agree with the decision to establish sites in the Eastern European countries, but said they had agreed a "strategic framework" to guide future U.S.-Russian relations, in which Russia and the U.S. said they recognized that the era in which each had considered the other to be a "strategic threat or enemy" was over.<ref name=":2">{{cite news | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/04/06/bush.putin/index.html | title = Bush, Putin disagree on missile defense | access-date =6 April 2008 |date= 1 April 2008 | publisher=CNN |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080408050408/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/04/06/bush.putin/index.html |archive-date = 8 April 2008}}</ref>

Putin expressed cautious optimism that the two sides could find a way to cooperate over missile defense, and described his eight-year relationship as Russian president with Bush as "mostly positive". The summit was the final meeting between Bush and Putin as presidents and follows both leaders' attendance at last the [[NATO]] summit in [[Romania]] 2 April 2008 – 4 April 2008. That summit also highlighted differences between Washington and Moscow, over U.S.-backed proposals to extend the military alliance to include the former Soviet republics of [[Ukraine]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Russia opposes the proposed expansion, fearing it will reduce its own influence over its neighbours.<ref name=":2" />

[[Fareed Zakaria]] suggests that the [[Russo-Georgian War|2008 South Ossetia War]] turned out to be a diplomatic disaster for Russia. He suggests that it was a major strategic blunder, turning neighboring nations such as Ukraine to embrace the United States and other Western nations more.<ref>Zakaria, Fareed, [http://www.newsweek.com/2008/08/29/this-isn-t-the-return-of-history.html "This Isn't the Return of History"]}</ref> [[George Friedman]], founder and CEO of private intelligence agency [[Stratfor]], takes an opposite view; arguing that both the war and Russian foreign policy have been successful in expanding Russia's influence.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Friedman |first=George |date=25 September 2008 |title=Georgia and the Balance of Power |journal=The New York Review of Books |volume=55 |issue=14 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/21772 |access-date=13 September 2008}}</ref>

====2010-2016====

The mid-2010s marked a dramatic downturn in Russian relations with the West, with some even considering it the start of a new Cold War.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2018-10-29 |title=Russia, the United States, and the New Cold War {{!}} Journal of Military and Strategic Studies |journal=Journal of Military and Strategic Studies |volume=12 |issue=2 |url=https://jmss.org/article/view/57874 |language=en-US |last1=Harasymiw |first1=Bohdan }}</ref> The United States and Russia back opposing sides in the [[Syrian civil war|Syrian Civil War]], and Washington regarded Moscow as obstructionist regarding its support for the [[Bashar al-Assad]] government.<ref>Patrick W. Quirk, "Russia–Syria Internal Threat Alliance (2010–2016)". in Quirk, ''Great Powers, Weak States, and Insurgency'' (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2017). 179–213.</ref>

In 2013, for the first time since 1960, the United States cancelled a summit with Russia, after the latter granted asylum to [[Edward Snowden]].<ref>Cynthia Nolan, "The Edward Snowden Case and the Morality of Secrecy". ''Catholic Social Science Review'' 22 (2017): 291–310.</ref>

The greatest increase in tensions, however, came during the Ukraine crisis that began in 2014, which saw the [[Crimea]]n peninsula [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed]] by Russia.<ref>Michał. Natorski, "The EU and crisis in Ukraine: policy continuity in Times of Disorder?". in by Dimitris Bouris and Tobias Schumacher, eds. ''The Revised European Neighbourhood Policy'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017). 177–196.</ref>  Russia also inflamed [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|a separatist uprising]] in the [[Donbas]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mackinnon |first=Amy |date=2023-02-12 |title=The Other Ukraine War |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/02/12/the-other-ukraine-war-crimea-invasion-2014-putin/ |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> The United States responded to these events by putting forth sanctions against Russia, and most European countries followed suit, worrying about Russian interference in the affairs of central and Eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite speech |last= Lyall Grant |first= Mark |title= Russia cannot be granted impunity to disregard international law and the UN Charter |event= UN Security Council meeting on Ukraine |date= March 1, 2014 |location= UN New York, New York, USA |publisher= United Kingdom Government |url= https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/russia-cannot-be-granted-impunity-to-disregard-international-law-and-the-un-charter |access-date= June 20, 2024 |language= English}}</ref>

October 2015 saw Russia, after years of supporting the Syrian government indirectly, directly intervene in the conflict, turning the tide in favor of the Assad regime. Russia's relations with Turkey, already strained over its support for the Assad regime, deteriorated further during this period, especially after the Turkish Air Force [[2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown|shot down]] a Russian jet fighter on 24 November 2015. In 2015, Russia also formed the [[Eurasian Economic Union]] with [[Armenia]], Kazakhstan, and [[Belarus]].
[[File:Shanghai Cooperation Organization member states Summit gets underway in Samarkand 02.jpg|thumb|250px|Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]], Chinese President [[Xi Jinping]], Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and other leaders at the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|Shanghai Cooperation Organization]] summit in Uzbekistan on 16 September 2022]]
The Russian government disapproves the [[Enlargement of NATO|expansion of NATO into Eastern Europe]], claiming that Western leaders promised that NATO would not expand beyond its 1990s borders.<ref>Tracey German, "NATO and the enlargement debate: enhancing Euro-Atlantic security or inciting confrontation?". ''International Affairs'' 93.2 (2017): 291–308.</ref>

==== 2017-2022 ====
{{see also|Russia–United States relations|Sino-Russian relations since 1991|Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War|Foreign policy of Vladimir Putin|Foreign relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
[[File:Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg|thumb|right|280px|{{legend2|#3F48CC}} Russia<br /> {{legend2|#AA0000}} Countries on Russia's "[[Unfriendly Countries List]]". Countries and territories on the list imposed [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|sanctions on Russia]] following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)|Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia outlines plan for 'unfriendly' investors to sell up at half-price |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/russia-outlines-plan-unfriendly-investors-sell-up-half-price-2022-12-30/ |work=Reuters |date=30 December 2022}}</ref>]]

For decades, the dispute between Japan and Russia over the ownership of the [[Kuril Islands]] has hindered closer cooperation between the two countries. However, since 2017, high level talks involving Prime Minister [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzō Abe]] have been ongoing in an attempt to resolve the situation.<ref>James D. J. Brown, "Japan's foreign relations with Russia". in James D. J. Brown and Jeff Kingston, eds. ''Japan's Foreign Relations in Asia'' (2018): 248–261.</ref>

Russia's power on the international stage depends in large part on its revenue from fossil fuel exports. If the world completes a transition to renewable energy, and international demand for Russian [[raw material]]s resources is dramatically reduced, so may Russia's international power be. Although Russian oil and gas exports receive more attention, the country is also one of the world's three largest coal exporters and this industry is important for some Russian towns and provinces.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Overland |first1=Indra |last2=Loginova |first2=Julia |date=2023-08-01 |title=The Russian coal industry in an uncertain world: Finally pivoting to Asia? |journal=Energy Research & Social Science |volume=102 |pages=103150 |doi=10.1016/j.erss.2023.103150 |issn=2214-6296|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023ERSS..10203150O}}</ref> Russia is ranked 148 out of 156 countries in the index of Geopolitical Gains and Losses after [[energy transition]] (GeGaLo).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Overland|first1=Indra|last2=Bazilian|first2=Morgan|last3=Ilimbek Uulu|first3=Talgat|last4=Vakulchuk|first4=Roman|last5=Westphal|first5=Kirsten|date=2019|title=The GeGaLo index: Geopolitical gains and losses after energy transition|journal=Energy Strategy Reviews|language=en|volume=26|pages=100406|doi=10.1016/j.esr.2019.100406|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019EneSR..2600406O |hdl=11250/2634876|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

Russia lacks strong alliances.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Gärtner |first=Heinz |url= |title=China and Eurasian powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace |date=2023 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |others=Mher Sahakyan |isbn=978-1-003-35258-7 |edition= |location=New York |pages=xxiii |chapter=Great Power Conflict |oclc=1353290533}}</ref> The [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]] is an attempt to develop a successor alliance to the [[Warsaw Pact]] but it is comparatively weak.<ref name=":3" /> Russia participates in the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organization]], but the SCO is a multilateral cooperation group rather than an alliance and China plays the leading role in the organization.<ref name=":3" />

====2022-present====
When [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022]], its foreign policy underwent significant change after the [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1|UN resolution of 2 March 2022]] deploring [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's invasion of Ukraine]] and demanded a full withdrawal of [[Russian Armed Forces|Russian forces]], supported by 141 countries and over 600 Russian diplomats being declared [[Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|''persona non grata'']] in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Russian spying in Europe dealt 'significant blow' since Ukraine war, MI5 chief says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/16/uk/mi5-chief-russia-spying-iran-china-threats-intl/index.html |date=16 November 2022}}</ref>

Russia attempted to solidify its alliances in Africa, Asia and South America. Historically, the former [[Soviet Union]] and later the [[Russian Federation]] had good relations with modern states in those regions, being on the side of oppressed populations, such as during [[Apartheid]] in [[South Africa]], and opposing imperialism worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ADDO |date=2025-02-18 |title=Challenging the West: Russian anti-imperialism narratives in Nigeria |url=https://disinfo.africa/challenging-the-west-russian-anti-imperialism-narratives-in-nigeria-dc8bfb7cc52d |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> Later in 2022, many African and South American States abstained to vote against Russia in the [[UN security council]] for its military involvements in Ukraine. Russia's influence in Africa and South America is expanding, particularly in the areas of [[mining]] and [[Security company|security services]]. Most African and South American countries have a keen interest in cheap fossil energy, and have no sanctions in place against Russian entities.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/26/ugandan-leader-extols-africa-russia-friendship-during-visit-by-lavrov "Uganda's Museveni extols Africa-Russia ties during Lavrov visit"]. ''aljazeera''. Retrieved 28 July 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.rbth.com/international/2013/12/06/mandela_and_the_soviet_union_the_struggle_against_apartheid_32329.html "Mandela and the Soviet Union: The struggle against apartheid"] ''rbth.com''. Retrieved 28 July 2022.</ref>

In 2023, Russia unveiled a [[Eurasianism|Eurasianist]], [[Anti-Western sentiment|anti-Western]] foreign policy strategy in a document titled "''The Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation''" approved by [[Vladimir Putin]]. The document defines Russia as a "unique country-civilization and a vast [[Eurasia]]n and Euro-Pacific power" that seeks to create a "Greater Eurasian Partnership" by pursuing close relations with China, India, countries of the [[Islamic world|Islamic World]] and rest of the [[Global South]] ([[Latin America]] and [[Southern Africa]]). The policy identifies [[United States]] and other [[Anglo saxon countries|Anglo-Saxon countries]] as "the main inspirer, organizer and executor of the aggressive [[Anti-Russian sentiment|anti-Russian]] policy of the collective West" and seeks the end of [[American hegemony|American dominance]] in the international scene. The document also adopts a [[Neo-Sovietism|neo-Soviet]] posture, positioning Russia as the successor state of USSR and calls for spreading "accurate information" about the "decisive contribution of the Soviet Union" in shaping the [[Post WWII|post-WWII]] [[international order]] and the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 2023 |title=Russia adopts new anti-West foreign policy strategy |work=Deutsche Welle |url=https://www.dw.com/en/russia-adopts-new-anti-west-foreign-policy-strategy/a-65198660 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415103330/https://www.dw.com/en/russia-adopts-new-anti-west-foreign-policy-strategy/a-65198660 |archive-date=15 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gould-Davies |first=Nigel |date=6 April 2023 |title=Russia's new foreign-policy concept: the impact of war |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2023/04/russia-new-foreign-policy-concept-the-impact-of-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502170222/https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2023/04/russia-new-foreign-policy-concept-the-impact-of-war/ |archive-date=2 May 2023 |website=IISS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=The Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation |url=https://russiaeu.ru/en/news/concept-foreign-policy-russian-federation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410161817/https://russiaeu.ru/en/news/concept-foreign-policy-russian-federation |archive-date=10 April 2023 |website=Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the European Union}}</ref>

In 2024, Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso reached an agreement with Russia to obtain telecom and surveillance satellites, aiming to strengthen border security and improve communications. These West African nations, facing ongoing Islamist insurgencies, sought Russian support after tensions with Western allies. This move came shortly after an Islamist militants attack on an airport in Mali, highlighting the region's unstable security situation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia in satellite deal with West African military governments |date=25 September 2024 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2k0p6w034o |website=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925124358/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2k0p6w034o |archive-date=25 September 2024 |access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref>