Editing Foreign relations of Italy (section)

==History==
{{main|History of Italy}}
===National unification===
{{see also|Unification of Italy|Kingdom of Italy}}
[[File:Italian-unification.gif|thumb|Animated map of the [[Italian unification]] from 1829 to 1871]]

The ''[[Risorgimento]]'' was the era from 1829 to 1871 that saw the emergence of a national consciousness. The Northern Italy monarchy of the [[House of Savoy]] in the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]], whose government was led by [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]], had ambitions of establishing a united Italian state. In the context of the [[revolutions of 1848|1848 liberal revolutions]] that swept through Europe, an unsuccessful [[First Italian War of Independence|first war of independence]] was declared on [[Austria-Hungary|Austria]]. In 1855, the Kingdom of Sardinia became an ally of Britain and France in the [[Crimean War]], giving Cavour's diplomacy legitimacy in the eyes of the great powers.<ref name=":1">Enrico Dal Lago, "Lincoln, Cavour, and National Unification: American Republicanism and Italian Liberal Nationalism in Comparative Perspective." ''The Journal of the Civil War Era'' 3#1 (2013): 85–113.</ref><ref>William L. Langer, ed., ''An Encyclopedia of World Cup History''. 4th ed. 1968. pp 704–7.</ref> The Kingdom of Sardinia again attacked the Austrian Empire in the [[Second Italian War of Independence]] of 1859, with the aid of [[Second French Empire|France]], resulting in liberating [[Lombardy]]. On the basis of the [[Plombières Agreement]], the Kingdom of Sardinia ceded [[Savoy]] and [[Nice]] to France, an event that caused the [[Niçard exodus]], that was the emigration of a quarter of the [[Niçard Italians]] to Italy,<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.montecarlonews.it/2017/08/28/notizie/argomenti/altre-notizie-1/articolo/un-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html|title="Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio" in seguito all'unità d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi|date=28 August 2017|access-date=14 May 2021|language=it|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219165302/http://www.montecarlonews.it/2017/08/28/notizie/argomenti/altre-notizie-1/articolo/un-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Niçard Vespers]].

In 1860–1861, [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] led the drive for unification in Naples and Sicily conquering the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]] (the [[Expedition of the Thousand]]),<ref>Mack Smith, Denis (1997). ''Modern Italy; A Political History''. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN|0-472-10895-6}}</ref> while the House of Savoy troops occupied the central territories of the Italian peninsula, except Rome and part of [[Papal States]]. This allowed the Sardinian government to [[Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy|declare a united Italian kingdom]] on 17 March 1861.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thelocal.it/20170317/everything-to-know-about-march-17th-italys-unity-unification-risorgimento-day |title=Everything you need to know about March 17th, Italy's Unity Day |date=17 March 2017 |access-date=17 July 2017 |language=en |archive-date=17 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617212538/https://www.thelocal.it/20170317/everything-to-know-about-march-17th-italys-unity-unification-risorgimento-day |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1866, Italy allied with [[Prussia]] during the [[Austro-Prussian War]], waging the [[Third Italian War of Independence]] which allowed Italy to annex [[Veneto|Venetia]]. 

After the Third Italian War of Independence (1866), when the [[Veneto]] and [[Friuli]] regions were ceded by the [[Austrian Empire|Austrians]] to the newly formed [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom Italy]], Istria and Dalmatia remained part of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], together with other Italian-speaking areas on the eastern Adriatic. This triggered the gradual rise of [[Italian irredentism]] among many Italians in Istria, Kvarner and Dalmatia, who demanded the unification of the [[Julian March]], [[Kvarner Gulf|Kvarner]] and [[Dalmatia]] with Italy. The Italians in Istria, Kvarner and Dalmatia supported the Italian [[Italian unification|Risorgimento]]: as a consequence, the Austrians saw the Italians as enemies and favored the Slav communities of Istria, Kvarner and Dalmatia.<ref name="ReferenceB" /> During the meeting of the Council of Ministers of 12 November 1866, Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]] outlined a wide-ranging project aimed at the [[Germanization]] or [[Slavization]] of the areas of the empire with an Italian presence:<ref>''Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi'', Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971, vol. 2, p. 297. Citazione completa della fonte e traduzione in Luciano Monzali, ''Italiani di Dalmazia. Dal Risorgimento alla Grande Guerra'', Le Lettere, Firenze 2004, p. 69.)</ref>

{{blockquote|text=His Majesty expressed the precise order that action be taken decisively against the influence of the Italian elements still present in some regions of the Crown and, appropriately occupying the posts of public, judicial, masters employees as well as with the influence of the press, work in [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol|South Tyrol]], [[Dalmatia]] and [[Austrian Littoral|Littoral]] for the Germanization and Slavization of these territories according to the circumstances, with energy and without any regard. His Majesty calls the central offices to the strong duty to proceed in this way to what has been established.|author=|source=Franz Joseph I of Austria, Council of the Crown of 12 November 1866<ref name="ReferenceB">''Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi'', Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Jürgen Baurmann, Hartmut Gunther and Ulrich Knoop| title=Homo scribens : Perspektiven der Schriftlichkeitsforschung | year= 1993 |isbn= 3484311347|page=279| publisher=Walter de Gruyter |language=de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3tCTXoeAysC&pg=279}}</ref>}}

Finally, in 1870, as France abandoned its garrisons in Rome during the disastrous [[Franco-Prussian War]] to keep the large Prussian Army at bay, the Italians rushed to fill the power gap by [[Capture of Rome|taking over the Papal States]]. Italian unification was completed and shortly afterwards Italy's capital was moved to Rome. Later Italy formed the [[Triple Alliance (1882)]] with Germany and Austria.

===World War I===
{{see also|Italian entry into World War I|Italian Empire}}
[[File:Promised Borders of the Tready of London.png|thumb|right|Territories promised to Italy by the [[Treaty of London (1915)]], i.e. [[Trentino-Alto Adige]], [[Julian March]] and [[Dalmatia]] (tan), and the [[Snežnik (plateau)|Snežnik Plateau]] area (green). Dalmatia, after the WWI, however, was not assigned to Italy but to [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].]]

Italy [[Italo-Turkish War|defeated the Ottoman Empire]] in 1911–1912.<ref>Charles Stevenson, ''A Box of Sand: The Italo-Ottoman War 1911–1912: The First Land, Sea and Air War'' (2014)</ref> By 1915, Italy had acquired in Africa a colony on the Red Sea coast ([[Italian Eritrea|Eritrea]]), a large protectorate in [[Italian Somaliland|Somalia]] and administrative authority in formerly Turkish [[Italian Libya|Libya]]. Outside of Africa, Italy possessed a small [[concession in Tientsin]] in China (following the [[Boxer Rebellion]]) and the [[Italian Aegean Islands|Dodecanese Islands]] off the coast of Turkey.

In 1915, [[Italian Campaign (World War I)|Italy abrogated its alliance and declared war on the Austro-Hungarian Empire]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/italiandeclaration.htm|title=First World War.com – Primary Documents – Italian Entry into the War, 23 May 1915|website=Firstworldwar.com|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref> leading to bloody conflict mainly on the [[Battles of the Isonzo|Isonzo]] and [[Battle of the Piave River|Piave]] fronts. Britain, France and Russia had been "keen to bring neutral Italy into World War I on their side. However, Italy drove a hard bargain, demanding extensive territorial concessions once the war had been won".<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/london1915.htm|title=First World War.com – Primary Documents – Treaty of London, 26 April 1915|website=Firstworldwar.com|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref>
In a deal to bring Italy into the war, under the [[London Pact]], Italy would be allowed to annex not only Italian-speaking [[Trentino]] and Trieste, but also German-speaking [[South Tyrol]], Istria (which included large non-Italian communities), and the northern part of Dalmatia including the areas of [[Zadar]] (Zara) and [[Šibenik]] (Sebenico). Mainly Italian Fiume (present-day Rijeka) was excluded.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

In November 1918, after the surrender of Austria-Hungary, Italy occupied militarily [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol|Trentino Alto-Adige]], the [[Julian March]], [[Istria]], the [[Kvarner Gulf]] and [[Dalmatia]], all Austro-Hungarian territories. On the Dalmatian coast, Italy established the first [[Governorate of Dalmatia#The first Governorate of Dalmatia|Governorate of Dalmatia]], which had the provisional aim of ferrying the territory towards full integration into the Kingdom of Italy, progressively importing national legislation in place of the previous one. The administrative capital was [[Zadar|Zara]]. The Governorate of Dalmatia was evacuated following the Italo-Yugoslav agreements which resulted in the [[Treaty of Rapallo (1920)|Treaty of Rapallo]] (1920). After the war, the [[Treaty of Rapallo, 1920|Treaty of Rapallo]] between the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and the Kingdom of Italy (12 November 1920), Italy annexed [[Zadar]] in Dalmatia and some minor islands, almost all of Istria along with Trieste, excluding the island of [[Krk]], and part of [[Kastav]] commune, which mostly went to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. By the [[Treaty of Rome, 1924|Treaty of Rome]] (27 January 1924), the [[Free State of Fiume]] (Rijeka) was divided between Italy and Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gazzettatoscana.it/web/lo-stato-libero-di-fiumeun-convegno-ne-rievoca-la-vicenda/|title=Lo Stato libero di Fiume:un convegno ne rievoca la vicenda|date=15 November 2020|access-date=10 May 2021|language=it}}</ref> Also, Italy occupied southern [[Albania]] and established [[Italian protectorate over Albania|a protectorate over Albania]], which remained in place until 1920.<ref name="Nigel Thomas 2001. Pp. 17">Nigel Thomas. Armies in the Balkans 1914–18. Osprey Publishing, 2001, p. 17.</ref>

The Allies defeated the Austrian Empire in 1918 and Italy became one of the [[Big Four (World War I)|main winners]] of the war. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, Prime Minister [[Vittorio Emanuele Orlando]] focused almost exclusively on territorial gains, but he got far less than he wanted, and Italians were bitterly resentful when they were denied control of the city of [[Fiume]]. The conference, under the control of Britain, France and the United States refused to assign [[Dalmatia]] and Albania to Italy as had been promised in the Treaty of London. Britain, France and Japan divided the German overseas colonies into mandates of their own, excluding Italy. Italy also gained no territory from the breakup of the [[Ottoman Empire]].

Italy did not receive other territories promised by the Treaty of London, so this outcome was denounced as a ''[[Mutilated victory]]''. The rhetoric of ''Mutilated victory'' was adopted by [[Benito Mussolini]] and led to the [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|rise of]] [[Italian fascism]], becoming a key point in the [[propaganda of Fascist Italy]]. Historians regard ''Mutilated victory'' as a "political myth", used by fascists to fuel [[Italian imperialism]] and obscure the successes of [[liberal Italy]] in the aftermath of World War I.<ref>G.Sabbatucci, ''La vittoria mutilata'', in AA.VV., ''Miti e storia dell'Italia unita'', Il Mulino, Bologna 1999, pp.101–106</ref> Italy also gained a permanent seat in the [[League of Nations]]'s executive council.

===Fascism and World War II ===
{{see also|Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Italian Civil War}}
[[File:RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg|thumb|left|Italian ethnic regions claimed in the 1930s by [[Italian irredentists]]:
* Green: [[Italian irredentism in Nice|Nice]], [[Italian irredentism in Switzerland|Ticino]] and [[Italian irredentism in Dalmatia|Dalmatia]]
* Red: [[Italian irredentism in Malta|Malta]]
* Violet: [[Italian irredentism in Corsica|Corsica]]
* [[Italian irredentism in Savoy|Savoy]] and [[Corfiot Italians#Corfiot Italians and the Risorgimento|Corfu]] were later claimed.]]

The [[National Fascist Party|Fascist]] government that came to power with [[Benito Mussolini]] in 1922 sought to increase the size of the Italian empire and to satisfy the claims of [[Italian irredentists]]. Italian Fascism is based upon [[Italian nationalism]] and imperialism, and in particular seeks to complete what it considers as the incomplete project of the [[unification of Italy]] by incorporating ''[[Italian irredentism|Italia Irredenta]]'' (unredeemed Italy) into the state of Italy.<ref name="autogenerated1922">Aristotle A. Kallis. ''Fascist ideology: territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945''. London, England, UK; New York City, USA: Routledge, 2000, pp. 41.</ref><ref name="autogenerated3">Terence Ball, Richard Bellamy. The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought. Pp. 133</ref> To the east of Italy, the Fascists claimed that [[Italian irredentism in Dalmatia|Dalmatia]] was a land of Italian culture whose Italians, including those of Italianized [[South Slavs|South Slavic]] descent, had been driven out of Dalmatia and into exile in Italy, and supported the return of Italians of Dalmatian heritage.<ref>Jozo Tomasevich. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press, 2001. P. 131.</ref> Mussolini identified Dalmatia as having strong Italian cultural roots for centuries, similarly to [[Italian irredentism in Istria|Istria]], via the [[Roman Empire]] and the [[Republic of Venice]].<ref>Larry Wolff. Venice And the Slavs: The Discovery of Dalmatia in the Age of Enlightenment. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press, P. 355.</ref> To the south of Italy, the Fascists claimed [[Italian irredentism in Malta|Malta]], which belonged to the United Kingdom, and [[Corfiot Italians#Corfiot Italians and the Risorgimento|Corfu]], which instead belonged to Greece; to the north claimed [[Italian irredentism in Switzerland|Italian Switzerland]], while to the west claimed [[Italian irredentism in Corsica|Corsica]], [[Italian irredentism in Nice|Nice]], and [[Italian irredentism in Savoy|Savoy]], which belonged to France.<ref>Aristotle A. Kallis. ''Fascist Ideology: Expansionism in Italy and Germany 1922–1945''. London, England; UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2000. P. 118.</ref><ref>''Mussolini Unleashed, 1939–1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War''. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986, 1999. P. 38.</ref> The Fascist regime produced literature on Corsica that presented evidence of the island's ''italianità''.<ref name="Davide Rodogno 2006. P. 88">[[Davide Rodogno]]. ''Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation during the Second World War''. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006. P. 88.</ref> The Fascist regime produced literature on Nice that justified that Nice was an Italian land based on historic, ethnic, and linguistic grounds.<ref name="Davide Rodogno 2006. P. 88" />
[[File:Italian Colonial Empire (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Areas controlled by the [[Italian Empire]] during its existence{{Legend|#4a9447|Kingdom of Italy}}{{Legend|#CBFE75|Colonies of Italy}}
{{Legend|#666666|Protectorates and areas occupied during World War II}}]]

Mussolini promised to bring Italy back as a [[great power]] in Europe, building a "New [[Roman Empire]]"<ref>{{cite book|last=Stephen J. Lee|title=European Dictatorships, 1918–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u-mm5UDlzBEC&pg=PA157|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|pages=157–58|isbn=978-0-415-45484-1|access-date=2023-07-06|archive-date=2024-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211001320/https://books.google.com/books?id=u-mm5UDlzBEC&pg=PA157#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> and holding power over the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. In [[Propaganda in Fascist Italy|propaganda]], Fascists used the ancient Roman motto "''[[Mare Nostrum]]''" ([[Latin]] for "Our Sea") to describe the Mediterranean. For this reason the Fascist regime engaged in [[interventionism (politics)|interventionist foreign policy]]. In 1923, the Greek island of [[Corfiot Italians#Corfiot Italians and the Risorgimento|Corfu]] was [[Corfu incident|briefly occupied by Italy]], after the assassination of [[Enrico Tellini|General Tellini]] in Greek territory. In 1925, Italy forced Albania to become a ''[[de facto]]'' [[protectorate]]. In 1935, Mussolini [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War|invaded Ethiopia]] and founded [[Italian East Africa]], resulting in an international alienation and leading to Italy's withdrawal from the [[League of Nations]]; Italy [[Pact of Steel|allied with Nazi Germany]] and the [[Tripartite Pact|Empire of Japan]] and strongly supported [[Francisco Franco]] in the [[Spanish Civil War]]. In 1939, Italy [[Italian invasion of Albania|formally annexed Albania]]. Italy entered World War II on 10 June 1940. The Italians initially advanced in [[Italian conquest of British Somaliland|British Somaliland]], [[Italian invasion of Egypt|Egypt]], the [[Balkan Campaign (World War II)|Balkans]] (establishing the [[Governorate of Dalmatia]] and [[Italian governorate of Montenegro|Montenegro]], the [[Province of Ljubljana]], and the puppet states [[Independent State of Croatia]] and [[Hellenic State (1941–1944)|Hellenic State]]), and eastern fronts. They were, however, subsequently defeated on the [[Italian participation on the Eastern Front|Eastern Front]] as well as in the [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]] and the [[North African campaign]], losing as a result their territories in Africa and in the Balkans.

An [[Allied invasion of Sicily]] began in July 1943, leading to the [[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|collapse of the Fascist regime and the fall of Mussolini]] on 25 July. In the north, the Germans set up the [[Italian Social Republic]] (RSI), a Nazi [[puppet state]] with Mussolini installed as leader after he was [[Gran Sasso raid|rescued]] by German paratroopers. Some Italian troops in the south were organised into the [[Italian Co-belligerent Army]], which fought alongside the Allies for the rest of the war, while other Italian troops, loyal to Mussolini and his RSI, continued to fight alongside the Germans in the [[National Republican Army]]. Also, the post-armistice period saw the rise of a large anti-fascist resistance movement, the ''[[Resistenza]]''.<ref name=Resistenza>G. Bianchi, ''La Resistenza'', in: AA.VV., ''Storia d'Italia'', vol. 8, pp. 368-369.</ref> As result, the country descended into [[Italian Civil War|civil war]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.istitutobiggini.it/storia_pisano.pdf |title=Storia della guerra civile in Italia |access-date=2023-07-06 |archive-date=2022-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013183444/https://www.istitutobiggini.it/storia_pisano.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>See the books from Italian historian [[Giorgio Pisanò]] ''Storia della guerra civile in Italia'', 1943–1945, 3 voll., Milano, FPE, 1965 and the book ''L'Italia della guerra civile'' ("Italy of civil war"), published in 1983 by the Italian writer and journalist [[Indro Montanelli]] as the fifteen volume of the ''Storia d'Italia'' ("History of Italy") by the same author.</ref> the Italian resistance fought a [[guerrilla war]] against the [[Operation Achse|Nazi German occupiers]] and [[Italian Fascist]] forces,<ref name=Resistenza /> while clashes between the Fascist RSI Army and the Royalist Italian Co-Belligerent Army were rare.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pavone |first=Claudio |title=Una guerra civile. Saggio storico sulla moralità della Resistenza |location=Torino |publisher=Bollati Boringhieri |year=1991 |isbn= 88-339-0629-9 |language=it |page=238}}</ref> In late April 1945, with total defeat looming, Mussolini attempted to escape north,<ref>{{Citation |first=Marino |last=Viganò |title=Un'analisi accurata della presunta fuga in Svizzera |journal=Nuova Storia Contemporanea |volume=3 |year=2001 |language=it}}</ref> but was captured and [[Death of Benito Mussolini|summarily executed]] near [[Lake Como]] by Italian partisans. His body was then taken to [[Milan]], where it was hung upside down at a service station for public viewing and to provide confirmation of his demise.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/28/newsid_3564000/3564529.stm |title=1945: Italian partisans kill Mussolini |access-date=17 October 2011 |work=BBC News |date=28 April 1945 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126075555/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/28/newsid_3564000/3564529.stm |archive-date=26 November 2011}}</ref> Hostilities ended on 29 April 1945, [[Surrender of Caserta|when the German forces in Italy surrendered]].

===Republican era===
{{see also|History of the Italian Republic}}
[[File:Alcide de Gasperi 2.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Alcide De Gasperi]], [[List of Prime Ministers of Italy|first]] republican [[Prime Minister of Italy]] and one of the [[Founding fathers of the European Union|Founding Fathers of the European Union]]]]

Italy became a republic after the [[1946 Italian institutional referendum]]<ref>{{cite video |year=1946 |title=Damage Foreshadows A-Bomb Test, 1946/06/06 (1946) |url=https://archive.org/details/1946-06-06_Damage_Foreshadows_A-Bomb_Test |publisher=[[Universal Newsreel]] |access-date=22 February 2012}}</ref> held on 2 June 1946, a day celebrated since as ''[[Festa della Repubblica]]''. This was the first time that Italian women voted at the national level, and the second time overall considering the local elections that were held a few months earlier in some cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insmli.it/pubblicazioni/35/Voto%20donne%20versione%20def.pdf |title=Italia 1946: le donne al voto, dossier a cura di Mariachiara Fugazza e Silvia Cassamagnaghi |access-date=30 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520041048/http://www.insmli.it/pubblicazioni/35/Voto%20donne%20versione%20def.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=La prima volta in cui le donne votarono in Italia, 75 anni fa |url=https://www.ilpost.it/2021/03/10/primo-voto-italia-donne-10-marzo-1946/ |access-date=24 August 2021 |work=Il Post |date=10 March 2021 |language=it-IT |archive-date=23 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823162103/https://www.ilpost.it/2021/03/10/primo-voto-italia-donne-10-marzo-1946/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Under the [[Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947]], [[Istria]], [[Kvarner Gulf|Kvarner]], most of the [[Julian March]] as well as the [[Dalmatia]]n city of [[Zadar|Zara]] was annexed by [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] causing the [[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]], which led to the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 of local ethnic [[Italians]] ([[Istrian Italians]] and [[Dalmatian Italians]]), the others being ethnic Slovenians, ethnic Croatians, and ethnic [[Istro-Romanians]], choosing to maintain Italian citizenship.<ref>{{cite web |first=Benedetta |last=Tobagi |url=http://www.treccani.it/scuola/lezioni/storia/la_repubblica_italiana.html |title=La Repubblica italiana &#124; Treccani, il portale del sapere |publisher=Treccani.it |access-date=28 January 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305001726/http://www.treccani.it/scuola/lezioni/storia/la_repubblica_italiana.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Later, the [[Free Territory of Trieste]] was divided between the two states. Italy also lost all of its colonial possessions, formally ending the [[Italian Empire]]. In 1950, [[Italian Somaliland]] was made a [[Trust Territory of Somaliland|United Nations Trust Territory]] under Italian administration until 1 July 1960. The Italian border that applies today has existed since 1975, when [[Trieste]] was formally re-annexed to Italy.

in 1949 Italy became a member of [[NATO]]. The [[Marshall Plan]] helped to revive the Italian economy which, until the late 1960s, enjoyed a period of sustained economic growth commonly called the "[[Italian economic miracle|Economic Miracle]]". In the 1950s, Italy became one of the six founding countries of the [[European Communities]], following the 1952 establishment of the [[European Coal and Steel Community]], and subsequent 1958 creations of the [[European Economic Community]] and [[European Atomic Energy Community]]. In 1993, the former two of these were incorporated into the [[European Union]].