Editing Foreign relations of Ethiopia (section)

==History==
===Antiquity===
====Land of Punt====
[[Land of Punt|Punt]] (2500 BCE – 980 BCE) was predominantly a trading centre dominated by [[Ancient Egypt]] to [[Horn of Africa]]. Trading commodities includes exports of Egypt; one of the most essential was [[incense]], which was mainly used for religious rituals for [[embalming]] corpse. Other were [[ivory]], [[spices]], [[Hide (skin)|hides]] and exotic animals that convey route to coast of Ethiopia, thus Ethiopia has been an integral part of Punt. Egyptian expedition to southeastern African region was generally commenced in the second millennium BC, after stabilizing relations with kingdoms of today's [[Sudan]], the [[Kingdom of Kush|Kush]], [[Napata]] and [[Meroë]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySgCTIplVQ8C&q=addis+ababa+history+zewditu |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |date=2000 |publisher=Hurst & Company |isbn=978-1-85065-522-0 |language=en}}</ref>

====South Arabia====

[[File:Bab el Mandeb NAS-AR description.png|thumb|[[NASA]] capture of Arabic description of strait [[Bab el Mandeb]]. It is known for passage for South Arabian migration.]]
Some theorists hypothesized Ancient South Arabian people migrated [[Recent African origin of modern humans|out of Africa]] to the strait [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] when its sea level decreased to current status. When their civilization came to appear from 4th millennium BC, onward [[Mesopotamia]] and the [[Persian Gulf]], adaptation of Semitic language was from end of [[Mediterranean]], though they used Canaanite alphabet developed from Syria or Palestine during second millennium BC. Apparently, these languages similarity compared to Hebrew and Phoenician alphabets, even though lacked scholarly consensus. By 500 BC, it was widely spoken such as the [[Ge'ez language]].{{sfn|Henze|2000|p=19}}

Writing system through [[inscription]] on stone often detailed historical rival kingdoms in the region, most notability the Saba, Qataban, Himyar, [[Hadhramaut]], [[Ma'in]] and others. In 1959, American archeologists collected numerous artifacts and body of inscriptions in the area, belonging to [[primary source]]s. The inscription not only detailed about South Arabia, but also the early [[History of Ethiopia|Ethiopian history]] associated with Kingdom of Aksum and its rulers.{{sfn|Henze|2000|p=20}}

====Kingdom of Aksum====
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumb|Map of [[Eastern Hemisphere]] in the first century featuring trade route of Aksum with the rest powerful states]] 
The [[Kingdom of Aksum]] has been a great power in classic Africa; once it has been referenced by Persian prophet [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]] in the 3rd century and Greco-Roman trading guide ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' in first century. Axum maintained well-defined foreign relations with powerful realms in the era. According to Stuart Munro-Hay witness, the Aksumite had several account of ambassadors that had delegation with neighboring powers. Occasionally, Aksumite contact with foreign powers also attested by archaeological or scarce finds.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Foreign Relations – Addis Herald |url=https://www.addisherald.com/3-6-foreign-relations/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404175707/https://www.addisherald.com/3-6-foreign-relations/#:~:text=Aksum%20had%20diplomatic%20and%20commercial,the%20purpose%20of%20their%20missions. |archive-date=4 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Addis Herald |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Egypt====
Aksumite relations with pre-Roman Egypt was ostensibly uncertain. However, it was considered that Aksumite contact were also existed during the fall of [[Ptolemaic dynasty]] with [[Cleopatra]] death in 30 BC. Few artifacts were uncovered from Egypt such as cippus of Horus given to Bruce, and illustrated by him, and a few amulet figurines of blue faience<ref name=":2" /> or cornaline<ref name=":2" /> found at various sites of Ethiopia. Other include the double-uraeus, perhaps brought from [[Meroë]].<ref name=":2" />

Another discoveries are an inscription of [[Ptolemy III]] copied by Kosmas at [[Adulis]] and ankh'-sign engraved on one of the stelae. During King [[Ezana of Axum|Ezana]]'s reign, he expedited to the Nile after [[Meroë]] was entirely sacked. After its successor [[Noba]] emerged, it behaved badly to consign Aksumite ambassadors punished with military expedition. An aggressive mistreatment was objected by tribes such as the [[Mangurto]], the [[Nara people|Barya]], and the [[Khasa kingdom|Khasa]] by asking support, either regarded Aksum would an aide of Noba or possibly a suzerain. Ezana's expedition also attacked Kasu, the remnants of Meroitic state. Nuba, Kasu, and Beja were integral to Ezana's kingdom. Meroitic artifacts have been found in Ethiopian location [[Dar'a|Addi Galamo]] (Atse Dera) such as bronze bowls, which was brought from Roman Egypt. It was possibly made up of diorite thumb-ring found by the BIEA expedition at Aksum, and corna line amulet of Harpocrates with typical double-uraeus of the Meroites.<ref name=":2" />

====South Arabia====
Saba, [[Himyarite Kingdom|Himyar]] and Hadhramawit kingdom commonly known as South Arabian states—had special relations with Ethiopia. Culturally, linguistically, and socially, Aksumite civilization completely inspired by those overseas. While Aksumite intervention to states generally uncertain, it was viable to have a military expedition beginning in 3rd century. During the period of [[GDRT]] and [[Adhebah]] reign, (’DBH), Aksumite commenced a military treaty with Saba and then with Hadhramawit in the first half of third century.<ref name=":2" />

During Adhebah period, Shamir called Himyar prince Dhu-Raydan sent military aid from Aksum. Later, Aksumite king adopted nominally "king of Saba and Himyar", asserting suzerainty. Foreign contact also continued during the fifth and early sixth centuries between the two sides of Red Sea. Byzantine scholar [[Procopius]] told the voyage of crossing Red Sea for five days and nights and that "the harbor of the Homeritae from which they are accustomed to putting to sea is called Boulikas", presumably somewhere near Mukha, and " at the end of the sail across the sea they always put in at the harbor of the Adulitae" at the reign of King Kaleb.<ref name=":2" />

Arabian titles were experienced in South Arabia during Kaleb's reign; after his viceroy deposed by Jewish Himyar king Yusuf Asar, Yemen was no longer requisite to Aksum. The event led Aksumite to decline its dominion. An inscription dated to 543 AD mentioned that the new king named Abraha dealing with the restoration of great dam at Marib, and mentioned embassies from various foreign countries such as Aksum, Rome, Persia and various Arab groups. Procopius noted that Abreha was subordinated by Kaleb, a period which unbeknownst to Abreha regaining the kingdom reputations and he received little damage.<ref name=":2" />

===Middle Ages===
{{see also|Ethiopian–Adal War|Prester John}}
[[File:Prester John.jpg|thumb|250px|"''Preste''" as the [[Emperor of Ethiopia]], enthroned on a map of East Africa. From an atlas by the Portuguese cartographer [[Diogo Homem]] for [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary]], c. 1555–1559. ([[British Library]])]]
Foreign relations in the Middle Ages have impacted by an interaction with Iberian countries—[[Spanish Empire|Spain]] and [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]]—especially the latter had considerable power on internal affairs. Portuguese influence spanned from 1500 to 1672, they had an interest of spreading [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] order from 1556 to 1632. According to their narrative effluence, the Portuguese authors underscored their involvement to Ethiopia, but overturned to smoothly decay. Portuguese authors works notably [[Francisco Álvares]], [[Miguel de Castanhoso]], and  [[Pedro Páez]] survived to this day.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prijac |first=Lukian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPG4CgAAQBAJ&q=Foreign+relations+of+Ethiopia+history |title=Foreign relations with Ethiopia: human and diplomatic history (from its origins to present) |date=2015 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-643-12658-0 |language=fr}}</ref> [[Prester John]], a fabulous Christian king, spurred the Portuguese to pursue Ethiopia whose kingdom they equates with [[Garden of Eden]]. According to the legend, he was born about 1460 and last seen in 1526. There is also speculation about his age where he lived for fifteen or twenty seven years beyond 1526.

[[Pêro da Covilhã|Pero da Covilhã]] profoundly marched overland into the Ethiopian Highlands about the end of 1492 or beginning of 1493, characterized by conquest and superiority. He sent an information to Lisbon a few years later that contributed Vasco da Gama mobilisation to African southern cap into the Indian Ocean. The Portuguese navy almost dominated the coastline of [[Eastern Hemisphere]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hespeler-Boultbee |first=John Jeremy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEtLkfpSkvoC&q=Portuguese+and+ethiopia+diplomacy |title=A Story in Stones: Portugal's Influence on Culture and Architecture in the Highlands of Ethiopia 1493-1634 |date=April 2011 |publisher=CCB Publishing |isbn=978-1-926585-99-4 |language=en}}</ref>

In the early 15th century, Ethiopia sought to make diplomatic contact with European kingdoms for the first time since the Aksumite era. [[Atse]] [[Dawit I]] first made contact with the [[Republic of Venice]] by requesting for religious artifacts and craftsmen. A letter from [[Henry IV of England]] to the Ethiopian Emperor survives.<ref>Mortimer, Ian (2007) ''The Fears of Henry IV'', p. 111. {{ISBN|1-84413-529-2}}</ref> In 1428, [[Yeshaq I]] sent two emissaries to [[Alfonso V of Aragon]], who sent his own emissaries that failed to complete the return trip home to Aragon.<ref>[[#Beshah|Beshah]], pp. 13–14.</ref>

The first continuous relations with a European country began in 1508 with Portugal under [[Dawit II]] (Lebna Dengel), who had just inherited the throne from his father.<ref>[[#Beshah|Beshah]], p. 25.</ref> In 1487, King John II of Portugal sent two emissaries to the Orient, Pero da Covilhã and Afonso de Paiva; Afonso would die on this mission.<ref>{{Cite book|date=5 November 2004|title=A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion 1400–1668|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDODAgAAQBAJ|isbn=9781134553044|last1=Newitt|first1=Malyn|publisher=Routledge }}</ref> By the end of Middle Ages, the Ethiopian Empire was in a 13 year long war with neighboring Muslim states, and a Portuguese expedition force was sent from [[Goa]], [[India]] to aid the Ethiopian Army due to an ongoing [[Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)|rivalry with  the Ottoman Empire]], who provided logistical support to the Adal Sultanate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jesuits in Ethiopia |url=https://home.iscte-iul.pt/~mjsr/html/expo_jesuits/index.htm#:~:text=The%20Jesuits%20in%2016/17th,the%20Jesuit%20missionaries%20in%201633. |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=home.iscte-iul.pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baldridge |first=Cates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-UASH0jE5cC&q=Portuguese+mission+to+ethiopia |title=Prisoners of Prester John: The Portuguese Mission to Ethiopia in Search of the Mythical King, 1520-1526 |date=2014-01-10 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-9019-6 |language=en}}</ref>

===Early modern period===
====Gondarine period====
{{See also|Gondarine period#Jesuits}}
[[File:King Susenyos I of Ethiopia receives the Latin Patriarch Afonso Mendes.jpg|thumb|Emperor [[Susenyos I]] receives Latin Patriarch [[Afonso Mendes]]. Painted in 1713]]
Since 16th century, Roman Catholicism and the Jesuits increasingly influenced on state power. Besides, the [[Oromo migrations]] had vital role in the northern Ethiopia. Among other Jesuit, Spanish Jesuit Pedro Paez had favorable relations to the Emperors of Ethiopia like [[Za Dengel]] and [[Susenyos I]], the latter promulgated that Roman Catholicism state administrative to the Empire in 1622 on behalf of [[Orthodox Tewahedo]] Church, resulted in grave conflict for the years.

The reign of Emperor [[Fasilides]] in 1632 arranged this status by restoring Orthodox Tewahedo state leadership and expelled Jesuits from his land. After founding Gondar in 1636, Ethiopia then prospered again with the beginning of "[[Gondarine period]]" characterized as relatively peaceful governance. However, few [[Franciscan]] and [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] friars said to be lived during the 18th century such as Franciscan Giuseppe Maria di Gerusalemme, Remedius Prutky (who left credible records to the city).

Architecture of this period was slightly influenced by the remnant Jesuits, but also the presence of Arab, Indians (brought by the Jesuits) as well as Turkish in Ottoman occupied [[Habesh Eyalet|northern area]] had involvement. One of the example is   castles in [[Fasil Ghebbi]].

====Post-Zemene Mesafint====
[[File: British departure.jpg|thumb|The [[British Expedition to Abyssinia|British expeditionary]] force moving artillery across the [[Ethiopian Highlands]]]]
Emperor [[Tewodros II]] reinstated the imperial power and foreign relations. His connection of [[Queen Victoria]] and other European leaders unfavorable when he sent unresponsive letter to the Queen, eventually leading to brief war with the [[British Empire]]. The British sent 13,000 soldiers, 26,000 men for logistical support and 40,000 animals including war elephants from India during their expedition, resulting in Tewodros suicide at [[Battle of Magdala|Magdala]] in 1868. Not only modernized the empire, but he also paved the way of coherence the succession for subsequent emperors.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Ethiopian History Abyssinia {{!}} Learn About The Background|url=https://www.ethiopianadventuretours.com/about-ethiopia/ethiopian-history|access-date=2022-01-01|website=www.ethiopianadventuretours.com}}</ref> Ethiopia was briefly isolated from world power in the post-Zemene Mesafint period; Emperor [[Yohannes IV]] faced Egyptian invasion as they laid linkage of [[Suez Canal]] to Massawa, and opening road between [[Adi Quala|Addi Quala]] and Gundet used to penetrate the [[Ethiopian Empire]]. Yohannes IV on other side was reluctant to improve the road from the Ethiopian Highland to the coast of Red Sea. According to British assistant [[John Kirkham (adventurer)|John Kirkham]], he "preferred to keep his money hoarded up". Likewise, German traveller [[Gerhard Rohlfs]] asserted that he wanted to build churches rather than roads. Road working, on the sides, was completed by Swedish missionaries at [[Monkulu]]. British traveller [[Augustus B. Wylde]] supposed that Abyssinians were "in fear of foreign invasion" where lastly commented "I suppose they are right".<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Pankhurst (historian) |date=2004 |title=Economic change in late nineteenth and early twentieth Century Ethiopia: a period of accelerated innovation |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ethio_0066-2127_2004_num_20_1_1075 |journal=[[Annales d'Éthiopie]] |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=195–219 |doi=10.3406/ethio.2004.1075}}</ref>

Wylde noted that the first Ethiopian diaspora took place in mid-1880s, who had been from Massawa to Europe, adapting European trousers. This was strictly outlawed by the Emperor. The empire nonetheless, was surged into modernization by foreign contribution, numerous missionary schools were expanded by Swedish Protestants at Monkulu and the French Lazarist at [[Keren, Eritrea|Keren]], the later described by Wylde "a very useful education" with "very well conducted". Ethiopia had received broad European population in the 19th-century: Jean Baraglion of French origin who had lived for over a decade and according to Wylde, he enjoyed monopoly at [[Adwa]]. Despite rejoice, Baraglion encountered at least two rivals, a Hungarian named André who made an artificial limbs, and a Greek who have lived to [[Shewa]] over several years.<ref name=":1" />

===Menelik II===
Ethiopia had strong diplomatic relations under Emperor [[Menelik II]] with [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]], [[French colonial empire|France]] and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], the latter pursued hegemony to Ethiopian Empire after establishing [[Italian Eritrea|colony in Eritrea]] (1882). The British and French rival with Italy due to insecurity with their respective protectorate in East Africa. However, both feared the process of Menelik's Expansions. In 1891, the British policy makers sent a circular note to the other world powers concerning the large portion of Nile Valley belonged to Ethiopia, "the activities and the pretension of the [[Negus]] were practically enough in themselves to bring the British to the support of Italian policy in East Africa."<ref name="brit">{{Cite journal |last=MARCUS |first=HAROLD G. |date=1963 |title=A Background to Direct British Diplomatic Involvement in Ethiopia, 1894-1896 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41965700 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–132 |jstor=41965700 |issn=0304-2243}}</ref>
[[File:Africa 1909, Edward Hertslet (Horn of Africa, detail).jpg|thumb|Ethiopia in 1909 illustrated by Edward Hertslet]] 
On 2 May 1889, the [[Treaty of Wuchale]] was signed between Ethiopia and Italy with respective bilingual version. The treaty was signed after the Italian occupation of Eritrea and aimed to create friendship with both countries. The Amharic and Italian language, however confused by Article 17 in which Menelik denounced in 1893, resulting Italy's threatening over the status of newly formed boundary. 
[[File:Menelik - Adoua-2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Menelik II at the Battle of Adwa]]
In 1895, the [[First Italo-Ethiopian War]] began, ending with Italy's defeat at [[Battle of Adwa]] by Ethiopian troops who were assisted logistically by Menelik. By early 1900, European agencies opened legation in Addis Ababa and had huge impact on investment in the country's infrastructure (schools, banks, road, railway etc.).

===Haile Selassie===
During [[Haile Selassie]] coronation in 1930, emissaries from the United States, Egypt, Turkey, Sweden, Belgium, and Japan were also presented. Since then, he led the forefront diplomatic relations of Ethiopia with world powers.<ref name= m12>{{cite book |last=Mockler |first=Anthony |title=Haile Selassie's War |year=2003 |publisher=Signal Books |isbn=978-1-90266953-3 |page=12}}</ref>
[[File:Italian artillery during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.jpg|thumb|Italian artillery during the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]], March 1936]]
In 1930s, Ethiopia faced Italian renewed imperialist design. Together with the failure of the League of Nations envision of Ethiopia's "collective security", Italy invaded Ethiopia again in October 1935, culminating in the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]. In May 1936, Mussolini declared Ethiopia as part of [[Italian East Africa]] by merging with [[Italian Eritrea|Eritrea]] and [[Italian Somaliland|Somaliland]]. Haile Selassie fled to England's  [[Fairfield House, Bath]], and delivered an address that made him a worldwide figure, and the 1935 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' [[Person of the Year|Man of the Year]].

On 10 June 1940, Mussolini declared war on France and Britain and attacked British and Commonwealth forces in Egypt, Sudan, Kenya and British Somaliland. In January 1941, the British army together with [[Arbegnoch]] ("the Patriots") and [[Gideon Force]] occupied Ethiopia. On 5 May, Haile Selassie with auspice of Ethiopian Free Forces entered Addis Ababa and reclaimed his throne while the war continued until November. After their defeat, the Italian began guerrilla offensive in Ethiopia that lasted until the [[Armistice of Cassibile|Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces]] in September 1943.
[[File:Captain Senn escorts Emperor Haile aboard USS Quincy (CA-71) on 13 February 1945 (80-G-426882).jpg|thumb|Captain Elliot M. Senn, USN, escorts [[Emperor of Ethiopia|Emperor]] [[Haile Selassie]] aboard the U.S. (13 February 1945)]]
On 31 January 1942, the British and Ethiopia signed [[Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement]] which Britain recognized Ethiopian sovereignty, except military occupation of Ogaden with their colony in Somaliland and the former Italian colony of Somaliland, creating a single polity. Ethiopians discontent about the privilege of military administration of some south-eastern region until formal agreement signed on 19 December 1944 that ended British advantage in the Ethiopian regions. The Italian Republic signed peace treaty on 10 February 1947 that recognized Ethiopia's sovereignty with agreement to pay $25,000,000 in reparations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barker |first=A. J. |title=The Civilising Mission: The Italo-Ethiopian War 1935–6 |publisher=Cassell |year=1968 |isbn=978-0-304-93201-6 |location=London |pages=292–293}}</ref>

In 1952, Eritrea federated with Ethiopia with majority vote in the United Nations and this attitude declined by 1961, culminating in the [[Eritrean War of Independence]] since armed forces formed such as the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF).
[[File:Eritrean Independence War Map.png|thumb|[[Eritrean War of Independence]] map in 1970s]]
Oppositions against Haile Selassie came to existence  with students began marching through 1960s and early 1970s, chanting "land for tiller" and embracing several Marxist–Leninist theme.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=30 August 2022 |title="Land to the Tiller": Unrealized Agenda of the Revolution |journal=Northeast African Studies |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=39–63 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/622237/pdf |last1=Yemane-Ab |first1=Abera |doi=10.14321/nortafristud.16.1.0039 |s2cid=156651118 }}</ref> Haile Selassie deposed on 12 September 1974 by officers of [[Ethiopian Army]] led by [[Aman Andom]] named Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police and Territorial Army. The committee renamed itself Provisional Military Administrative Council known as the [[Derg]] after abolishing the Ethiopian Empire in March 1975.

===The Derg era===
The Derg aligned itself with [[Soviet bloc]]—had similar Marxist Leninist policy on Ethiopia. The Derg suffered from internal insurgency and ambivalent relations with neighboring countries such as Eritrea and Somalia. In 1977, the [[Ogaden War]] was fought between the Derg supported by Cuba, Soviet Union and South Yemen, and Somalia with the United States and Egypt. Although ending on 15 March 1978, the relations between Ethiopia and Somalia marred with political dispute with involvement of the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) in relations of the disputed [[Ogaden]] region. 
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1986-0417-012, Berlin, XI. SED-Parteitag.jpg|thumb|[[Mengistu Haile Mariam]] (fifth in row) at SED Party Congress in [[Berlin]], April 1986]]
By the 1990, the Derg and Soviet Union relations was deteriorated after Mengistu Haile Mariam banned the Ethiopian media to use the term ''[[glasnost]]'' and ''[[perestroika]]'', defying [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] who was believed has not fondness for him. By early 1990, Mengistu helped emigration of the Ethiopian Jews to Israel by which many Jewish organizations and US Congress discerned Mengistu's task in the lobbying effort.{{sfn|Henze|2000|pp=312–}}

===Federal Democratic Republic era===
[[File:Vladimir Putin 3 December 2001-2.jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] [[Meles Zenawi]] with [[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] on 3 December 2001]]
[[File:John Kerry and Hailemariam Desalegn 2014.jpg|thumb|Former US Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] with [[Hailemariam Desalegn]] in 2014]]
[[File:Abiy Ahmed and Isaias Afwerki speaking in Eritrea 2019.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Abiy Ahmed]] with Eritrean president [[Isaias Afwerki]] meeting on 3 March 2019]]
After defeating the Derg in 1991, the newly formed coalition the [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front]] (EPRDF), led by [[President of Ethiopia|President]] and later [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] [[Meles Zenawi]], experienced opposition from factions in Somalia as well as within the country; in May 1991, a pan-Islamist [[Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya]] (Islamic Unity) established to consolidate Somalia's power in the [[Greater Somalia]]. Relations with Eritrea was somewhat better intensified after its UN-sponsored  session from Ethiopia in May 1993.

Later in 1998, their relations was deteriorated after large-scale Eritrean mechanized force penetrated to Badme region, triggering the [[Eritrean–Ethiopian War]]. Both countries spent favorable amount of armaments ahead of the war and suffered reportedly 100,000 casualties combined as a direct consequence thereof, excluding indeterminate number of refugees.<ref name=BBC_arms_ban>{{Cite web|title=Will arms ban slow war?|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/750789.stm|access-date=2021-12-30|website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Winfield |first=Nicole |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/un-hints-at-sanctions-if-eritrea-and-ethiopia-do-not-end-fighting-718960.html |title=UN hints at sanctions if Eritrea and Ethiopia do not end fighting |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=13 May 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008050721/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/un-hints-at-sanctions-if-eritrea-and-ethiopia-do-not-end-fighting-718960.html |archive-date=8 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethiopia rejects war criticism|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/712992.stm|date=14 April 2000|access-date=30 December 2021|website=BBC News}}</ref><ref name=Tens-of-thousands>Tens of thousands
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1053983.stm Eritrea: Final deal with Ethiopia] BBC 4 December 2000
*[http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/07/news/eritrea.php Eritrea orders Westerners in UN mission out in 10 days], [[International Herald Tribune]], 7 December 2005</ref> In December 2000, the two countries government signed [[Algiers Agreement (2000)|Algiers Agreement]] which finalized the war and created binding judicial commissions, the Eritrea–Ethiopia Border Commission and the Eritrean–Ethiopian Claims Commissions, to oversee the disputed border and related claims. Since then, there was elevated tensions with border conflict and stalemate what is described "war footing" and "no-war-no-peace" with absence of foreign and domestic policy domination. This was ended after Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed came to power in 2018, signed the [[2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit]] on 8–9 July.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watch (Organization) |first=Human Rights |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3zIY60yiYAC&q=isaias+afwerki+government |title=Service for Life: State Repression and Indefinite Conscription in Eritrea |date=2009 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=978-1-56432-472-6 |language=en}}</ref>

Meles' government relations with Djibouti was friendly as Djibouti accessed Port of Djibouti to Ethiopia. Ethiopia had 90% imports arrived from Port of Djibouti and 95% of Djiboutian regional exports.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=MORMUL |first=Joanna |date=2016 |title=ETHIO-DJIBOUTIAN RELATIONS IN THE 21ST CENTURY – TOWARDS NEW AFRICAN COOPERATION |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24920258 |journal=Politeja |issue=42 |pages=263–286 |jstor=24920258 |issn=1733-6716}}</ref> In 2006, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) virtually controlled the whole of southern Somalia and successfully united Mogadishu and imposed [[Shari'a law]]. With support of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, Ethiopia, under UN peacekeeping mission against [[War on Terrorism]], attacked ICU. The ICU's split eventually led to the formation of [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]], regrouping to continue the insurgency against TFG and Ethiopian military presence in Somalia.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-XkCwAAQBAJ&dq=The+Transitional+Federal+Government+sought+to+reestablish+its+authority%2C+and%2C+with+the+assistance+of+Ethiopian+troops%2C+African+Union+peacekeepers+and+air+support+by+the+United+States%2C+managed+to+drive+out+the+rival+ICU&pg=PA53 |title=Somalia Business Law Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Basic Laws |date=June 2015 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-5145-0191-7 |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2010, the [[Nile Basin Initiative]] was signed by five upstream countries such as Ethiopia, [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]], and [[Rwanda]] and [[Burundi]] as Egypt considerate as breach to the 1929 Anglo-Egyptian treaty that gave its right to share water.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-06-29 |title=Who owns the Nile? |url=https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2010/06/29/who-owns-the-nile/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=State of the Planet |language=en}}</ref> On 2 April 2011, the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD) inaugurated  construction expected producing 15,000 megawatts of power within 10 years, spending 12 billion dollars of strategy to improve power generating capabilities. Egypt and Sudan continued objecting the filling of the dam in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Decian |title=For Thousands of Years, Egypt Controlled the Nile. A New Dam Threatens That |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |newspaper=New York Times |date=9 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210015121/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |archive-date=10 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=An Egyptian cyber attack on Ethiopia by hackers is the latest strike over the Grand Dam |url=https://qz.com/africa/1874343/egypt-cyber-attack-on-ethiopia-is-strike-over-the-grand-dam/ |work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |date=27 June 2020}}</ref>

Under Abiy Ahmed premiership since 2018, Ethiopia repleted its relations Somalia and Eritrea. In October 2018, Ethiopia signed peace agreement with the rebel faction ONLF ending 34 year long conflict since 1984. ONLF has clashed with the Ethiopian troops to contain vast oil and gas deposits, where Chinese oil firms developing two gas field in the area. In 2007, ONLF launched deadly attack against Chinese-run oil field which killed 65 Ethiopians and 9 Chinese nationals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia signs peace deal with rebel group |url=https://www.dw.com/en/ethiopia-signs-peace-deal-with-rebel-group-in-oil-rich-region/a-45988021 |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=amp.dw.com}}</ref>

During the [[Tigray War]], Ethiopia was allied to countries such as [[Turkey]],<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |last=Walsh |first=Declan |date=2021-12-20 |title=Foreign Drones Tip the Balance in Ethiopia's Civil War |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/20/world/africa/drones-ethiopia-war-turkey-emirates.html |access-date=2021-12-22 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[United Arab Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=UAE air bridge provides military support to Ethiopia gov't |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/25/uae-air-bridge-provides-military-support-to-ethiopia-govt |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> and [[Iran]]<ref name=":22" /> who supplied [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drones]] to the Ethiopian government.<ref name=":9" /> With involvement of [[Eritrean Defence Forces]] (EDF), the US President [[Joe Biden]] designated six targets of sanction per Executive Order 14046, which was signed in September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Imposing Sanctions in Connection with the Conflict in Ethiopia|url=https://www.state.gov/imposing-sanctions-in-connection-with-the-conflict-in-ethiopia/|access-date=2022-01-01|website=United States Department of State|language=en}}</ref>