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== Pitch change == The symbol {{music|b}} is a stylised lowercase ''b'', derived from Italian ''be molle'' for "soft B" and German ''blatt'' for "planar, dull". It indicates that the [[musical note|note]] to which it is applied is played one [[semitone]] lower. In the standard modern tuning system, [[12 tone equal temperament]], this corresponds to 100 [[cents (music)|cents]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Benward |author2=Saker |name-list-style=amp |year=2003 |title=Music in Theory and Practice |volume=1 |page=6 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |edition=7th |quote=''Flat'' ({{music|b}}) lowers the pitch a half step. }}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |title=Flat |series=Glossary |publisher=[[Naxos Records]] |url=http://www.naxos.com/mainsite/NewDesign/fglossary.files/bglossary.files/Flat.htm |access-date=2015-02-06 |archive-date=2021-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715002810/https://www.naxos.com/mainsite/NewDesign/fglossary.files/bglossary.files/Flat.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In older tuning systems (from the 16th and 17th century), and in modern [[microtone (music)|microtonal]] tunings, the difference in pitch indicated by a sharp or flat is normally smaller than the standard semitone. For example, in the old [[quarter-comma meantone]] system a flat lowers a note's pitch by {{nobr| 76.05 cents,}}, and in [[just intonation]] a flat commonly lowers a note's pitch by 70.57 cents. In [[Pythagorean tuning]] a flat lowers the pitch by 113.7 cents, and in [[well temperament]]s, a flat may be different sizes. Intricate systems of microtuning may replace the standard flat or sharp with different symbols for raising and lowering pitch. In [[53 equal temperament]] tuning sharps and flats have two or three different sub-levels, and notation for flattening notes varies, but usually involves several different symbols; one of the sets of {{nobr| 53 {{sc|tet}} }} flat symbols is {{music|b}} (67.9 cents), {{music|d}} (45.3 cents), and {{music|down}} (22.6 cents), used both separately and in combinations.
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