Editing Flag of Indonesia (section)

== History ==
[[File:Indonesia flag raising witnesses 17 August 1945.jpg|thumb|Hoisting of the [[Bendera Pusaka]] moment during the [[Proclamation of Indonesian Independence]] on 17 August 1945]] 
[[File:Naval flag of Majapahit Kingdom.svg |thumb|Royal colors of [[Majapahit|Majapahit Empire]]]]

The flag's colours are derived from the banner of the 13th century [[Majapahit|Majapahit Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Indonesia |title=Flag of Indonesia |website=Britannica |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916113332/https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Indonesia |archive-date=16 September 2021|access-date=9 November 2021 }}</ref> However, it has been suggested that the red and white symbolism can trace its origin to the older common [[Austronesian people|Austronesian]] mythology of the duality of Mother Earth (red) and Father Sky (white). This is why these colours appear in so many flags throughout Austronesia, from [[Flag of French Polynesia|Tahiti]] to [[Flag of Madagascar|Madagascar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://adamkeawe.com/tag/earth-mother/|title=Earth Mothers and Sky Fathers of Austronesia|date=13 June 2010|website=adamkeawe.com|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref> The earliest records of the red and white ''panji'' or ''pataka'' (a long flag on a curved bamboo pole) can be found in the [[Pararaton]] chronicle; according to this source, the [[Jayakatwang]] troops from Gelang-Gelang hoisted the red and white banner during their invasion of [[Singhasari]] in the early 12th century. This suggests that even before the Majapahit era, the red and white colours were already revered and used as the kingdom's banner in the [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri]] era (1042 – {{Circa|1222}}).

Red and white textile colouring was available in ancient Indonesia. White is the natural colour of woven cotton fabrics, while red is one of the earliest [[natural dye]]s, acquired either from [[teak]] leaves,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323752506|title=Natural Dye Extraction From Teak Leves (Tectona Grandis) Using Ultrasound Assisted Extraction Method for Dyeing on Cotton Fabric|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref> the flowers of ''[[Averrhoa bilimbi]]'', or the skin of [[mangosteen]] fruits.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.18517/ijaseit.7.3.1014|doi-access=free|title=Extraction, Characterization and Application of Natural Dyes from the Fresh Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Peel|year=2017|last1=Kusumawati|first1=Nita|last2=Santoso|first2=Agus Budi|last3=Sianita|first3=Maria Monica|last4=Muslim|first4=Supari|journal=International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology|volume=7|issue=3|page=878}}</ref>

It was not only the Javanese kingdoms that used red and white. The battle flag of King [[Si Singamangaraja IX]] of [[Batak people|Batak]] lands bore an image of white twin swords called ''piso gaja dompak'' against a red background.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0508/14/perjalanan/1940067.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091117035240/http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0508/14/perjalanan/1940067.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 November 2009|title=Kompas.Com|date=17 November 2009|access-date=9 January 2018}}</ref> During the [[Aceh War]] of 1873–1904, Aceh warriors used a battle flag with the image of a sword, star and crescent, sun, and some [[Quranic]] script in white on a red background.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://suryantara.wordpress.com/2007/10/30/sejarah-bendera-merah-putih/|title=Sejarah Bendera Merah Putih|date=30 October 2007|website=Suryantara.wordpress.com|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-date=9 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109104739/https://suryantara.wordpress.com/2007/10/30/sejarah-bendera-merah-putih/|url-status=live}}</ref> The red and white flag of the Buginese Bone kingdom in [[South Sulawesi]] is called ''Woromporang''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panyingkul.com/view.php?id=249&jenis=kabarkita|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825033338/http://www.panyingkul.com/view.php?id=249&jenis=kabarkita|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 August 2011|title=PANYINGKUL! Jurnalisme Orang Biasa|date=25 August 2011|access-date=9 January 2018}}</ref> The [[Bali]]nese Badung (Puri Pamecutan) royal banner is red, white, and black.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fahnenversand.de/fotw/flags/id_balih.html |title=Flags in Bali |author=ian macdonald |website=Fahnenversand.de |access-date=20 September 2012 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923190722/http://www.fahnenversand.de/fotw/flags/id_balih.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Prince [[Diponegoro]] also used a red and white banner during the [[Java War]] (1825–1830).

[[File:Perhimpoenan Indonesia.png|thumb|Perhimpoenan Indonesia's banteng flag from the ''Gedenkboek: 1908-1923'' cover]]
In the early 20th century, these colours were revived by students and then nationalists as an expression of nationalism against the [[Netherlands East Indies|Dutch]]. A precursor design was first seen on the cover of a Dutch magazine titled ''Gedenkboek 1908-1923'' run by the [[Perhimpoenan Indonesia]] ('Indonesian Association'). Compiling 13 letters written by its anonymous members, it had a sinister hoisted flag of a red and white stripe superimposed with the head of a [[banteng]] facing away from the hoist.<ref>{{cite book |pages=177–8 |title=In het land van de Overheerser: Indonesiërs in Nederland 1600-1950|first1=Harry A. |last1=Poeze|first2=Cees |last2=Van Dijk |first3=Inge |last3=Van Der Meulen |date=1986 |publisher=Brill |jstor=10.1163/j.ctvbqs5hn.8 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctvbqs5hn.8 |isbn= 978-90-04-28731-0}}</ref> The modern red and white flag sans banteng head was first flown in [[Java]] in 1928, it was quickly prohibited under [[Netherlands East Indies|Dutch rule]]. It became the flag adopted by the [[Kesatuan Melayu Muda]] to symbolise [[Early Malay nationalism|Malay nationalism]] against [[History of colonialism|European colonialism]]. Upon Indonesia's declaration of independence on 17 August 1945, it was adopted as the national flag, and has been in use ever since.<ref name="indoflag1">{{cite web |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/id.html |title=Indonesia |access-date=26 December 2007 |date=6 September 2006 |publisher=[[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402071710/https://www.fotw.info/flags/id.html |archive-date=2 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> After Indonesia's independence was recognized, [[Monaco]], which had a [[Flag of Monaco|similar flag]], filed a complaint which was largely ignored.<ref>{{cite news |title=What are the rules for national flags? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4535873.stm |access-date=13 November 2018 |work=BBC Magazine |date=11 May 2005 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118044900/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4535873.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Hotel Yamato incident===
{{See also|Hotel Yamato Incident}}
[[File:Hote-orange.jpg|thumb|A moment after the blue stripe of a [[Flag of the Netherlands|Dutch flag]] was torn off to make an Indonesian flag at the Hotel Yamato (now [[Hotel Majapahit]]), [[Surabaya]]]]
The flag featured in a well-known incident during the [[Indonesian National Revolution|Indonesian War of Independence]] when  during the lead-up to the [[Battle of Surabaya]] in late 1945, Indonesian youths removed a colonial [[Flag of the Netherlands|Dutch flag]] flying over the [[Hotel Majapahit|Yamato Hotel]], tore off the blue strip and re-hoisted it as an Indonesian flag. The hotel was subsequently renamed briefly as ''Hotel Merdeka'', meaning "independence hotel".<ref>{{cite web  | url = http://hotel-majapahit.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/BRIEF-HISTORY.pdf  | title = Hotel Majapahit: Brief History  | access-date = 4 April 2017  | archive-date = 4 April 2017  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170404220751/http://hotel-majapahit.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/BRIEF-HISTORY.pdf  | url-status = live  }}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Flag of the Dutch East India Company.svg|[[Dutch East India Company|Flag of the Dutch East India Company]] used 20 March 1602 – 1 January 1800
File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|[[Flag of the Netherlands|Flag of the Dutch East Indies]] used 1 January 1800 – 27 December 1949
File:Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg|[[Flag of Japan|Flag of Imperial Japan]] used 8 March 1942 – 17 August 1945 (3 years 5 months)
File:Flag of Indonesia.svg|Flag of Indonesia used 17 August 1945 – present<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Indonesia.htm|title=Indonesia|first=Ben|last=Cahoon|website=Worldstatesmen.org|access-date=9 January 2018|archive-date=4 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204055222/http://worldstatesmen.org/Indonesia.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
File:Bendera Latihan - Practice Flag.svg|Practice flag used for national flag replacement during rehearsals
</gallery>