Editing Finlandization (section)

== Origin and international usage ==
[[File:Kekkonen-Loikkanen-Khruschev-1960.jpg|thumb|Finland's President [[Urho Kekkonen]], translator Kustaa Loikkanen and General Secretary [[Nikita Khrushchev]] talking, at Kekkonen's 60th birthday]]

In Germany, the term was used mainly by proponents of closer adaptation to US policies, chiefly [[Franz Josef Strauss]], but was initially coined in scholarly debate, and made known by the German political scientists [[Richard Löwenthal]], [[Walter Hallstein]] and [[Kurt Birrenbach]], reflecting feared effects of withdrawal of US troops from Germany.<ref name="baurkot14">{{cite book |last1=Baurkot |first1=Samuel J. Jr. |title=Kurt Birrenbach and the Evolution of German Atlanticism |date=2014 |publisher=COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY |location=New York |doi=10.7916/D8QR54JV |url=https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8QR54JV/download}}</ref> It came to be used in the debate of the NATO countries in response to [[Willy Brandt]]'s attempts to [[Ostpolitik|normalise relations with East Germany]], and the following widespread scepticism in Germany against NATO's [[Dual-Track Decision]].<ref name=baurkot14/> Later, after the [[fall of the Soviet Union]], the term has been used in Finland for the post-1968 radicalization in the latter half of the [[Urho Kekkonen]] era.<ref name="fields19">{{cite book |doi=10.1163/9789004416420_009 |chapter=Into a New Era, 1961–1970 |title=Defending Democracy in Cold War Finland |year=2019 |pages=350–388 |isbn=978-90-04-41642-0 |s2cid=212811095 |last1=Fields |first1=Marek }}</ref><ref name="standish18"/>

In the 1990s, Finlandization was also discussed as a potential strategy that the Soviet Union under [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]] may have attempted to revise its relationship with the [[Warsaw Pact]] states from 1989 to 1991, as a way to transition from [[informal empire]] to a looser [[sphere of influence]] model, which was precluded by the fall of the USSR.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Lebow |first1=Richard Ned |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mssws7JttrcC |title=International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War |last2=Risse-Kappen |first2=Thomas |date=1995 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-10195-0 |pages=146–148, 155–157 }}</ref>

As early as 2010 [[Shinzo Abe]] feared the Finlandization of Japan and South Korea to China, because of its growing influence and power.<ref name="abe10t">{{cite news |last1=Abe |first1=Shinzo |title=Former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe on U.S.-Japanese Relations |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.hudson.org/files/publications/AbeEventTranscript.pdf |issue=The Capital Hilton Washington, D.C |publisher=Hudson Institute |date=15 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="abe10v">{{cite news |last1=Abe |first1=Shinzo |title=U.S.-Japan Relations |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?296035-1/us-japan-relations |agency=C-SPAN |publisher=National Cable Satellite Corporation |date=15 October 2010}}</ref>

The term has also been used in discussing other countries, for example as a potential outcome of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Juntunen |first1=Tapio |title=Helsinki Syndrome: The Parachronistic Renaissance of Finlandization in International Politics |journal=New Perspectives |date=2017 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=55–83 |doi=10.1177/2336825X1702500103|doi-access=free }}</ref>