Editing Fifth force (section)

== History == 
The term fifth force originates in a 1986 paper by Ephraim Fischbach et al. who reanalyzed the data from the [[Eötvös experiment]] of [[Loránd Eötvös]] from earlier in the century; the reanalysis found a distance dependence to gravity that deviates from the [[inverse square law]]. <ref name=FischbachReanalysis>{{cite journal |last1=Fischbach |first1=Ephraim |last2=Sudarsky |first2=Daniel |last3=Szafer |first3=Aaron |last4=Talmadge |first4=Carrick |last5=Aronson |first5=S.H. |title=Reanalysis of the Eötvös experiment |journal=[[Physical Review Letters]] |date=6 January 1986 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=3–6 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.3 |pmid=10032514 |bibcode=1986PhRvL..56....3F}}</ref><ref name=NewPhysicsAtoms>{{Cite journal |last1=Safronova |first1=M. S. |last2=Budker |first2=D. |last3=DeMille |first3=D. |last4=Kimball |first4=Derek F. Jackson |last5=Derevianko |first5=A. |last6=Clark |first6=Charles W. |date=2018-06-29 |title=Search for new physics with atoms and molecules |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.90.025008 |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |language=en |volume=90 |issue=2 |page=025008 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.90.025008 |arxiv=1710.01833 |bibcode=2018RvMP...90b5008S |issn=0034-6861}}</ref>{{rp|57}} 
The reanalysis was sparked by theoretical work in 1971 by Fujii <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fujii |first=Yasunori |date=November 1971 |title=Dilaton and Possible Non-Newtonian Gravity |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/physci234005a0 |journal=Nature Physical Science |language=en |volume=234 |issue=44 |pages=5–7 |doi=10.1038/physci234005a0 |bibcode=1971NPhS..234....5F |issn=0300-8746}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fischbach |first1=Ephraim |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4612-1438-0 |title=The Search for Non-Newtonian Gravity |last2=Talmadge |first2=Carrick L. |date=1999 |publisher=Springer New York |isbn=978-1-4612-7144-4 |location=New York, NY |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4612-1438-0}}</ref>{{rp|3}} proposing a model that changes distance dependence with a [[Yukawa potential]]-like term:
:<math>V(r) = -G_\infty \frac{m_im_j}{r_{ij}}(1+\alpha e^{-r/\lambda})</math>
The parameter <math>\alpha</math> characterizes the strength and <math>\lambda</math> the range of the interaction.<ref name=NewPhysicsAtoms/> Fischbach's paper found a strength around 1% of gravity and a range of a few hundred meters.<ref name=WillConfrontation>{{Cite journal |last=Will |first=Clifford M. |date=Dec 2014 |title=The Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment |journal=Living Reviews in Relativity |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=4 |doi=10.12942/lrr-2014-4 |doi-access=free |issn=2367-3613 |pmc=5255900 |pmid=28179848|arxiv=1403.7377 |bibcode=2014LRR....17....4W }}</ref>{{rp|26}}
The effect of this potential can be described equivalently as exchange of vector and/or scalar bosons, that is a predicting as yet undetected new particles.<ref name=NewPhysicsAtoms/>
However, many subsequent attempts to reproduce the deviations have failed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Franklin |first=Allan |title=The rise and fall of the fifth force: discovery, pursuit, and justification in modern physics |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-28412-5 |editor-last=Fischbach |editor-first=Ephraim |edition=2|location=Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London}}</ref>