Editing Field hockey (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of field hockey}}
[[File:Relief pentelic marble "Ball Players" 510-500 BC, NAMA 3476 102587.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Relief of {{Circa|510 BC}} depicting [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] players of ''{{Transliteration|grc|kerētízein}}'', an ancestral form of hockey or [[ground billiards]]; in the [[National Archaeological Museum, Athens]]]]

According to the [[International Hockey Federation]] (FIH), "the roots of hockey are buried deep in antiquity".<ref name="hoh">{{tick|15|colour=blue}}[http://fih.ch/hockey-basics/history/ ''History of Hockey''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804212017/http://fih.ch/hockey-basics/history/ |date=4 August 2022 }}. FIH. Retrieved 4 August 2022.</ref> There are historical records which suggest early forms of hockey were played in Egypt and Persia {{Circa|2000 BC}}, and in Ethiopia {{Circa|1000 BC}}. Later evidence suggest that the ancient Greeks, Romans and Aztecs all played hockey-like games.<ref name="hoh"/> In [[Ancient Egypt]], there is a depiction of two figures playing with sticks and ball in the [[Beni Hasan]] tomb of Khety, an administrator of [[Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt|Dynasty XI]].<ref name="Stein & Rubino 2008">{{tick|15|colour=blue}}{{Stein & Rubino 2008|pages=2, 4, 5, 14, 27, 33, 34, 37, 40}}<!--Many of these are images and their captions, which are not always grouped with the corresponding text in this source, refer to them with figure numbers.--></ref>

In [[Ancient Greece]], there is a similar image dated {{Circa|510 BC}}, which may have been called {{lang|grc|Κερητίζειν}} ({{Transliteration|grc|kerētízein}}) because it was played with a horn ({{lang|grc|κέρας}}, {{Transliteration|grc|kéras}} in [[Ancient Greek]]) and a ball.<ref>{{tick|15|colour=blue}}Oikonomos, G. "Κερητίζοντες". Archaiologikon Deltion 6 (1920–1921): 56–59; there are clear depictions of the game, but the identification with the name κερητίζειν is [http://sarantakos.wordpress.com/2010/03/29/keretizein/ disputed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225153012/http://sarantakos.wordpress.com/2010/03/29/keretizein/ |date=25 December 2014 }} ([http://hellenisteukontos.blogspot.com/2010/03/ancient-greek-field-hockey.html English summary] ).</ref> Researchers disagree over how to interpret this image. It could have been a team or one-on-one activity (the depiction shows two active players, and other figures who may be team-mates awaiting a face-off, or non-players waiting for their turn at play). Billiards historians Stein and Rubino believe it was among the games ancestral to lawn-and-field games like hockey and [[ground billiards]], and near-identical depictions appear in later European [[illuminated manuscript]]s and other works of the 14th through 17th centuries, showing contemporary [[Courtier|courtly]] and [[Clergy|clerical]] life.<ref name="Stein & Rubino 2008"/>

In [[East Asia]], a similar game was entertained, using a carved wooden stick and ball, before 300 BC.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Field Hockey- National Game of India in General Parlance|last=Tanaji Lakde|first=Atul|publisher=Ashok yakkaldevi|year=2019|isbn=978-0-359-69487-7|pages=5}}</ref> In [[Inner Mongolia]], [[China]], the [[Daur people]] have for about 1,000 years been playing ''[[beikou]]'', a game with some similarities to field hockey.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/23/sports/olympics/23hockey.html |title=A Chinese Hinterland, Fertile with Field Hockey |last=McGrath |first=Charles |date=22 August 2008 |work=The New York Times |access-date=23 August 2008 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128123630/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/23/sports/olympics/23hockey.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A similar field hockey or ground billiards variant, called ''suigan'', was played in China during the [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644, post-dating the Mongol-led [[Yuan dynasty]]).<ref name="Stein & Rubino 2008" /> A game similar to field hockey was played in the 17th century in [[Punjab state]] in India under name {{Lang|pa-latn|khido khundi}} ({{Lang|pa-latn|khido}} refers to the woolen ball, and {{Lang|pa-latn|khundi}} to the stick).<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Field Hockey |url=http://www.surfersfieldhockey.com/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305165920/http://www.surfersfieldhockey.com/history |archive-date=2017-03-05 |access-date=23 August 2016 |website=Surfers Field Hockey}}</ref>
In South America, most specifically in [[Chile]], the local natives of the 16th century used to play a game called ''chueca'',{{Which lang|date=August 2024}} which also shares common elements with hockey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ahockeyworld.net/where-was-field-hockey-invented/|title=Where was field hockey invented? The history of hockey as we know it!|website=A Hockey World|date=8 January 2017|access-date=15 January 2017|archive-date=17 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117150714/http://www.ahockeyworld.net/where-was-field-hockey-invented/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Northern Europe]], the games of [[hurling]] ([[Ireland]]) and ''{{lang|is|[[knattleikr]]}}'' ([[Iceland]]), both team ball games involving sticks to drive a ball to the opponents' goal, date at least as far back as the [[Early Middle Ages]]. By the 12th century, a team ball game called ''{{lang|frm|[[la soule]]}}'' or ''{{lang|fr|choule}}'', akin to a chaotic and sometimes long-distance version of hockey or [[rugby football]] (depending on whether sticks were used in a particular local variant), was regularly played in France and southern Britain between villages or parishes. <!--Being block of text cited to Stein & Rubino.-->Throughout the [[Middle Ages]] to the [[Early Modern era]], such games often involved the local clergy or secular [[aristocracy]], and in some periods were limited to them by various anti-gaming edicts, or even banned altogether.<ref name="Stein & Rubino 2008" /> Stein and Rubino, among others, ultimately trace aspects of these games both to rituals in antiquity involving [[Globus cruciger|orbs]] and [[sceptre]]s (on the aristocratic and clerical side), and to ancient [[military training exercise]]s (on the popular side); [[polo]] (essentially hockey on horseback) was devised by the [[Ancient Persia]]ns for [[cavalry]] training, based on the local proto-hockey foot game of the region.<ref name="Stein & Rubino 2008" />

The word ''hockey'' itself has no clear origin. One belief is that it was recorded in 1363 when [[Edward III]] of England issued the proclamation: "Moreover we ordain that you prohibit under penalty of imprisonment all and sundry from such stone, wood and iron throwing; handball, football, or hockey; coursing and cock-fighting, or other such idle games".<ref name=exp>{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/originsofrugby.htm |title=Rugby Football History |publisher=Rugby Football History |access-date=15 July 2016 |archive-date=15 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415201837/http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/originsofrugby.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The belief is based on modern translations of the proclamation, which was originally in Latin and explicitly forbade the games "Pilam Manualem, Pedivam, & Bacularem: & ad Canibucam & Gallorum Pugnam". The word {{Lang|la|baculum}} is the Latin for {{Gloss|stick}}, so the reference would appear to be to a game played with sticks. The English historian and biographer [[John Strype]] did not use the word ''hockey'' when he translated the proclamation in 1720, and the word ''hockey'' remains of unknown origin.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The modern game developed at [[Independent school (United Kingdom)|public schools]] in 19th-century England. It is now played globally, particularly in parts of Western Europe, South Asia, Southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, and parts of the United States, primarily New England and the mid-Atlantic states.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Eisen |first1=Matt |title=In America, field hockey still toils in obscurity |url=http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2006/10/12/in-america-field-hockey-still-toils-in-obscurity/ |access-date=4 February 2017 |work=[[Yale Daily News]] |date=12 October 2006 |quote=The American game is regionally centered. The most intense support and popularity extend from Massachusetts down the Eastern seaboard to Virginia, and pretty much stops there. The best programs tend to be in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, though states like Maryland and Delaware are slowly growing in xfield hockey prowess. |archive-date=23 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223063521/http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2006/10/12/in-america-field-hockey-still-toils-in-obscurity/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fischer-Baum |first1=Reuben |title=Field Hockey America vs. Rodeo America: Mapping The Faultlines of America's Regional Sports |url=http://deadspin.com/5958476/field-hockey-america-vs-rodeo-america-mapping-the-nations-regional-sports-mapping-american-regional-sports |website=[[Deadspin]] |access-date=4 February 2017 |date=8 November 2012 |archive-date=5 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205100336/http://deadspin.com/5958476/field-hockey-america-vs-rodeo-america-mapping-the-nations-regional-sports-mapping-american-regional-sports |url-status=live }}</ref> The term ''field hockey'' is used primarily in Canada and the United States where ''hockey'' more often refers to [[ice hockey]].<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation |title=Physical education and training |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzHVAAAAMAAJ&q=%22grass+hockey |access-date=2 May 2021 |year=1966 |publisher=Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation |journal=Journal of the Canadian Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation |volume=33-34 |issue= |pages=27 |quote=A junior high school should provide interschool competition in at least 6 or 7 of the following areas: touch football, soccer, '''grass hockey'''...|archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207053856/https://books.google.com/books?id=CzHVAAAAMAAJ&q=%22grass+hockey |url-status=live }}</ref> In Sweden, the term {{Lang|sv|landhockey}} is used, and to some degree in [[Norway]], where the game is governed by [[Norway's Bandy Association|Norges Bandyforbund]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bandyforbundet.no/?p=95 |title=Landhockey |website=bandyforbundet.no |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051824/http://bandyforbundet.no/?p=95 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first known club was formed in 1849 at [[Blackheath, London|Blackheath]] in south-east [[London]], but the modern rules grew out of a version played by Middlesex [[cricket]] clubs as a winter activity.{{citation needed|date=October 2007}} [[Teddington]] Hockey Club formed the modern game by introducing the striking circle and changing the ball to a sphere from a rubber cube.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3BNMr7U8e9wC&q=%22Hockey%22+circle+Teddington&pg=PA5 |first1=Tracie |last1=Egan |first2=Helen |last2=Connolly |title=Field Hockey: Rules, Tips, Strategy, and Safety |date=2005 |isbn=978-1-404-20182-8 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |access-date=27 February 2014 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207053856/https://books.google.com/books?id=3BNMr7U8e9wC&q=%22Hockey%22+circle+Teddington&pg=PA5 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[The Hockey Association]] was founded in 1876. It lasted just six years, before being revived by nine founding members.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Hockey {{!}} FIH |url=http://www.fih.ch/hockey-basics/history/ |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=www.fih.ch |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211092710/http://www.fih.ch/hockey-basics/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The first international competition took place in 1895 (Ireland 3, Wales 0), and the International Rules Board was founded in 1900.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

[[File:London 1908 Hockey.jpg|thumb|right|A game of hockey being played between Germany and Scotland at the 1908 London Olympics]] 
Field hockey was played at the [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] in 1908 and 1920.<ref name="Field Hockey BC-2016" /> It was dropped in 1924,<ref name="Field Hockey BC-2016" /> leading to the foundation of the [[International Hockey Federation|Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon]] (FIH) as an international governing body by seven continental European nations; and hockey was reinstated as an [[Olympic sport|Olympic game]] in 1928.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olympic Field Hockey history: Records, past winners, best moments, year-by-year results {{!}} NBC Olympics |url=https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/field-hockey-101-olympic-history-records-and-results |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=www.nbcolympics.com |language=en}}</ref> Men's hockey united under the FIH in 1970.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The two oldest trophies are the [[Irish Senior Cup (men's hockey)|Irish Senior Cup]], which dates back to 1894, and the [[Irish Junior Cup (men's hockey)|Irish Junior Cup]], a second XI-only competition{{clarify|date=July 2016|reason=What is "XI-only" supposed to mean?}} instituted in 1895.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hockey.ie/contentPage/114468/about |title=Competitions ISC (M) About |publisher=Irish Hockey Association |access-date=8 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427005949/http://www.hockey.ie/contentPage/114468/about |archive-date=27 April 2013}}</ref>

In India, the Beighton Cup and the Aga Khan tournament commenced within ten years.{{clarify|date=July 2016|reason=Within ten years of what?Entering the Olympics in 1928, India won all five games without conceding a goal, and won from 1932 until 1956, and then in 1964 and 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olympic Field Hockey |url=https://www.topendsports.com/events/summer/sports/hockey.htm |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=www.topendsports.com}}</ref> Pakistan won Olympic gold in men's hockey in 1960, 1968, and 1984. All but three of Pakistan's 11 Olympic medals so far have been in field hockey, including three gold, three silver, and two bronze medals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/how-many-pakistan-olympic-medals-won |title=Pakistan's Olympic medals: Hockey team's domination is clear |website=Olympics.com |first=Ali Asgar |last=Nalwala |date=21 February 2022 |access-date=17 January 2024}}</ref>

[[File: Dhyan Chand 1936 final.jpg|thumb|Indian player [[Dhyan Chand]] won Olympic gold medals for his team in 1928, 1932 and 1936.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dhyan-Chand |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Dhyan Chand (Indian athlete) |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503012557/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dhyan-Chand |url-status=live }}</ref> Photo shows him scoring a goal against Germany in the 1936 Olympics hockey final.]]
In the early 1970s, [[artificial turf]] began to be used.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whitehurst |first=J. R. |date=December 1968 |title=The Astrodome turf and lower extremity injuries |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5730126/ |journal=Journal of the American College Health Association |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=136–137 |issn=0002-7944 |pmid=5730126}}</ref> Synthetic pitches changed most aspects of field hockey, gaining speed. New tactics and techniques such as the [[Indian dribble]] developed, followed by new rules to take account. The switch to synthetic surfaces ended Indian and Pakistani domination because artificial turf was too expensive in [[Developing country|developing countries]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoque |first=Shishir |date=15 Oct 2017 |title=How the invention of synthetic turf ended Indian sub-continent's superiority in world hockey |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/hockey/128194/how-the-invention-of-synthetic-turf-ended-indian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104034030/https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/hockey/128194/how-the-invention-of-synthetic-turf-ended-indian |archive-date=4 Jan 2024 |access-date=3 Jan 2024 |website=DhakaTribune}}</ref> Since the 1970s, Australia, the Netherlands, and Germany have dominated at the Olympics and World Cup stages.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Women's field hockey was first played at British universities and schools. The first club, the Molesey Ladies, was founded in 1887.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-30 |title=Women's hockey in Ireland—a short history |url=https://www.historyireland.com/volume-26/womens-hockey-in-ireland-a-short-history/ |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=History Ireland |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008011101/https://www.historyireland.com/volume-26/womens-hockey-in-ireland-a-short-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The first national association was the [[Irish Ladies Hockey Union]] in 1894,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Timeline of Women in Sports|url=http://faculty.elmira.edu/dmaluso/sports/timeline/fieldhockey.html|access-date=2021-10-08|website=faculty.elmira.edu|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205084853/http://faculty.elmira.edu/dmaluso/sports/timeline/fieldhockey.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and though rebuffed by the Hockey Association, women's field hockey grew rapidly around the world. This led to the International Federation of Women's Hockey Association (IFWHA) in 1927, though this did not include many continental European countries where women played as sections of men's associations and were affiliated to the FIH.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} The IFWHA held conferences every three years, and tournaments associated with these were the primary IFWHA competitions. These tournaments were non-competitive until 1975.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

By the early 1970s, there were 22 associations with women's sections in the FIH and 36 associations in the IFWHA.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} Discussions started about a common rule book. The FIH introduced competitive tournaments in 1974, forcing the acceptance of the principle of competitive field hockey by the IFWHA in 1973. It took until 1982 for the two bodies to merge, but this allowed the introduction of women's field hockey to the Olympic games from 1980 where, as in the men's game, the Netherlands, Germany, and Australia have been consistently strong. Argentina has emerged as a team to be reckoned with since 2000, winning the world championship in 2002 and 2010 and medals at the last three Olympics.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

In the United States, field hockey is played predominantly by girls and women. There are few field hockey clubs, most play taking place between high school or college sides. The sport was largely introduced in the U.S. by [[Constance Applebee]], starting with a tour of [[Seven Sisters (colleges)|Seven Sisters]] colleges in 1901 and continuing through Applebee's 24-year tenure as athletic director of [[Bryn Mawr College]]. The strength of college field hockey reflects the impact of [[Title IX]], which mandated that colleges should fund men's and women's games programmes comparably.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} Hockey has been predominantly played on the East Coast, specifically the Mid-Atlantic in states such as New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} In recent years,{{when|date=October 2020}} it has become increasingly played on the West Coast and in the Midwest.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

In other countries, participation is fairly evenly balanced between men and women. For example, in the 2008–09 season, [[England Hockey]] reported 2,488 registered men's teams, 1,969 women's teams, 1,042 boys' teams, 966 girls' teams and 274 mixed teams.<ref>{{tick|15|colour=blue}}{{cite web |url=http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/page.asp?section=70&sectionTitle=Clubs |title=Hockey in England: Clubs |work=EnglandHockey.co.uk |publisher=England Hockey Board |access-date=10 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817214039/http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/page.asp?section=70&sectionTitle=Clubs |archive-date=17 August 2010}}</ref> In 2006, the [[Irish Hockey Association]] reported that the gender split among its players was approximately 65% female and 35% male.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} In its 2008 census, [[Hockey Australia]] reported 40,534 male club players and 41,542 female.<ref>{{tick|15|colour=blue}}{{cite web |url=http://www.hockey.org.au/fileadmin/user_upload/Census/2008NationalHockeyCensusExecSummary_Board.pdf |title=National Census Executive Summary 2008 |work=Hockey.org.ca |publisher=Hockey Australia |page=2 |access-date=10 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022091719/http://www.hockey.org.au/fileadmin/user_upload/Census/2008NationalHockeyCensusExecSummary_Board.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2009}}</ref>