Editing Ferrari (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of Ferrari}}

=== Early history ===
[[File:1934-07-01 French GP Alfa P3 Varzi Chiron-WINNER Trossi.jpg|thumb|Three Scuderia Ferrari cars in 1934, all [[Alfa Romeo P3]]s. Drivers, left to right: [[Achille Varzi]], [[Louis Chiron]], and [[Carlo Felice Trossi]].]]
[[Enzo Ferrari]], formerly a salesman and racing driver for [[Alfa Romeo]], founded [[Scuderia Ferrari]], a racing team, in 1929. Originally intended to service [[gentleman driver]]s and other amateur racers, Alfa Romeo's withdrawal from racing in 1933, combined with Enzo's connections within the company, turned Scuderia Ferrari into its unofficial representative on the track.<ref name=LudvigsenDec2021>{{cite web |author-last=Ludvigsen |author-first=Karl |website=Forza Magazine |title=The Rise and Fall of Scuderia Ferrari |url=https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/195/articles/the-rise-and-fall-of-scuderia-ferrari |date=2 December 2021 |access-date=19 March 2023 }}</ref> Alfa Romeo supplied racing cars to Ferrari, who eventually amassed some of the best drivers of the 1930s and won many races before the team's liquidation in 1937.<ref name=LudvigsenDec2021 /><ref name=Aversa>{{cite journal |last1=Aversa |first1=Paolo |last2=Schreiter |first2=Katrin |last3=Guerrini |first3=Filippo |title=The Birth of a Business Icon through Cultural Branding: Ferrari and the Prancing Horse, 1923–1947 |journal=Enterprise & Society |date=26 July 2021 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=28–58 |issn=1467-2227 |eissn=1467-2235 |doi=10.1017/eso.2021.22 |pmid= |s2cid=237737650 |url=https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/25916/3/Aversa_Schreiter_Guerrini_2021_EandS.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2023 |access-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126045754/https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/25916/3/Aversa_Schreiter_Guerrini_2021_EandS.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|43}}

Late in 1937, Scuderia Ferrari was liquidated and absorbed into Alfa Romeo,<ref name=LudvigsenDec2021 /> but Enzo's disagreements with upper management caused him to leave in 1939. He used his settlement to found his own company, where he intended to produce his own cars. He called the company "Auto Avio Costruzioni", and headquartered it in the facilities of the old Scuderia Ferrari;<ref name="history" /> due to a [[noncompete agreement]] with Alfa Romeo, the company could not use the Ferrari name for another four years. The company produced a single car, the [[Auto Avio Costruzioni 815]], which participated in only one race before the outbreak of [[World War II]]. During the war, Enzo's company produced aircraft engines and machine tools for the Italian military; the contracts for these goods were lucrative, and provided the new company with a great deal of capital. In 1943, under threat of Allied bombing raids, the company's factory was moved to [[Maranello]]. Though the new facility was nonetheless bombed twice, Ferrari remains in Maranello to this day.<ref name="history" /><ref name=Aversa />{{rp|45–47}}<ref name=LudvigsenJul2021>{{cite web |author-last=Ludvigsen |author-first=Karl |website=Forza Magazine |title=The Wilderness Years |url=https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/192/articles/the-wilderness-years |date=19 July 2021 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616193738/https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/192/articles/the-wilderness-years |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Under Enzo Ferrari ===
[[File:1960s Maranello making cars.jpg|thumb|Ferrari's factory in the early 1960s: everything in its production line was handmade by [[machinist]]s, who followed technical drawings with extreme precision.<ref name=Baime>{{cite book |last=Baime |first=A.J. |title=Go Like Hell: Ford, Ferrari, and Their Battle for Speed and Glory at Le Mans |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-618-82219-5 |url={{GBurl |id=PqhXAwAAQBAJ}} |access-date=15 May 2023 |pages=65–68 }}</ref> Much of this work is now done by [[industrial robot]]s.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Peake |first=Eleanor |title=Inside the top secret factory where new Ferraris are born |magazine=WIRED UK |date=15 April 2018 |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ferrari-car-factory-manufactured-italy-enzo-build-create |access-date=26 May 2023 |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526230326/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ferrari-car-factory-manufactured-italy-enzo-build-create |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

In 1945, Ferrari adopted its current name. Work started promptly on [[Ferrari Colombo engine|a new V12 engine]] that would power the [[Ferrari 125 S|125 S]], which was the marque's first car, and many subsequent Ferraris. The company saw success in motorsport almost as soon as it began racing: the 125 S won many races in 1947,<ref name=Ludvigsen2010>{{cite web |author-last=Ludvigsen |author-first=Karl |website=Forza Magazine |title=Genesis 1.5:12 |url=https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/100/articles/genesis-1-5-12 |date=12 February 2010 |access-date=3 May 2023 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813114339/https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/100/articles/genesis-1-5-12 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Brian Laban |title=Ferrarissime |publisher=Editions Atlas |section=introduction |pages=6–9 |year=2009 |isbn=978-2723473149 |language=French }}</ref> and several early victories, including the [[1949 24 Hours of Le Mans]] and 1951 [[Carrera Panamericana]], helped build Ferrari's reputation as a high-quality automaker.<ref name=Lamm>{{cite web |last=Lamm |first=John |title=The Ferrari 166 MM Barchetta: The Most Important Ferrari in History? |website=Collier Automedia |date=3 February 2020 |url=https://www.collierautomedia.com/the-ferrari-166-mm-barchetta-the-most-important-ferrari-in-history |access-date=22 May 2023 |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512062501/https://www.collierautomedia.com/the-ferrari-166-mm-barchetta-the-most-important-ferrari-in-history |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=LudvigsenJul2019>{{cite web |author-last=Ludvigsen |author-first=Karl |website=Forza Magazine |title=Italian Invasion |url=https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/176/articles/italian-invasion |date=18 July 2019 |access-date=30 April 2023 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504045656/https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/176/articles/italian-invasion |url-status=live }}</ref> Ferrari won several more races in the coming years,<ref name=F1Wins /><ref name=Havelock>{{cite web |author-last=Havelock |author-first=Steve |website=Forza Magazine |title=The It Car |url=https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/120/articles/the-it-car |date=20 July 2012 |access-date=30 April 2023 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504051154/https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/120/articles/the-it-car |url-status=live }}</ref> and early in the 1950s its road cars were already a favourite of the international elite.<ref name="Massini">{{cite magazine |date=February–March 2003 |title=Ferrari Royale |url=https://paulrussell.com/articles/FerrariRoyale.pdf |magazine=[[Cavallino (magazine)|Cavallino]] |author-last=Massini |author-first=Marcel |access-date=15 May 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516135257/https://paulrussell.com/articles/FerrariRoyale.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ferrari produced many families of interrelated cars, including the [[Ferrari America|America]], [[Ferrari Monza|Monza]], and [[Ferrari 250|250]] series, and the company's first [[series-produced]] car was the [[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé|250 GT Coupé]], beginning in 1958.<ref name=TraverAdolphus>{{cite web |author-last=Traver Adolphus |author-first=David |website=Hemmings Motor News |title=The Car That Saved Ferrari - 1961 Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet |url=https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/the-car-that-saved-ferrari-1961-ferrari-250-gt-cabriolet |date=23 September 2018 |access-date=10 May 2023 |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510185958/https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/the-car-that-saved-ferrari-1961-ferrari-250-gt-cabriolet |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1960, Ferrari was reorganized as a [[public company]]. It soon began searching for a business partner to handle its manufacturing operations: it first approached [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] in 1963, though negotiations fell through; later talks with [[Fiat S.p.A.|Fiat]], who bought 50% of Ferrari's shares in 1969, were more successful.<ref name=Summers>{{cite journal |last=Summers |first=Alexander |title=Commercializing the 24-hours War: Ford Motor Company versus The World |journal=Legacy |volume=20 |issue=1 |date=2020 |url=https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/legacy/vol20/iss1/7 |access-date=14 May 2023 }}</ref><ref name=MaranParker>{{cite journal |last1=Maran |first1=Laura |last2=Parker |first2=Lee |title=Non-financial motivations in mergers and acquisitions: The Fiat–Ferrari case |journal=Business History |publisher=Informa UK Limited |volume=63 |issue=4 |date=18 August 2019 |issn=0007-6791 |doi=10.1080/00076791.2019.1597854 |pages=606–667 |s2cid=199340523 |url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/179827/7/179827.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2023 |access-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609033519/http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/179827/7/179827.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In the second half of the decade, Ferrari also produced two cars that upended its more traditional models: the 1967 [[Dino 206 GT]], which was its first mass-produced [[mid-engined]] road car,{{efn|The Dino 206 GT was preceded by the [[Ferrari 250 LM|250 LM Stradale]] and [[Ferrari 365 P Berlinetta Speciale|365 P Berlinetta Speciale]]. Both were based on preexisting mid-engined racing cars, and were produced in extremely limited numbers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Zuchowski |first=Matt |title=Five-Year Plan |website=Forza Magazine |url=https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/207/articles/five-year-plan |date=1 June 2023 |access-date=18 September 2023 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922092622/https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/207/articles/five-year-plan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-last=Atiyeh |author-first=Clifford |title=Crazy three-seat 1966 Ferrari 365P Heads to Auction |website=Car and Driver |date=25 July 2014 |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a15362196/three-seat-one-off-1966-ferrari-365p-heads-to-auction-should-command-many-millions/ |access-date=17 September 2023 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929085202/https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a15362196/three-seat-one-off-1966-ferrari-365p-heads-to-auction-should-command-many-millions/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} and the 1968 [[Ferrari Daytona|365 GTB/4]], which possessed streamlined styling that modernised Ferrari's design language.<ref name=Stone /><ref name="Branch 2020">{{cite web |last=Branch |first=Ben |title=The Ferrari 365 GTB/4 Daytona - The World's Fastest Production Car In 1968 |website=Silodrome |date=14 July 2020 |url=https://silodrome.com/ferrari-daytona/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522170518/https://silodrome.com/ferrari-daytona/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Dino in particular was a decisive movement away from the company's conservative engineering approach, where every road-going Ferrari featured a [[V12 engine|V12]] engine placed [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|in the front of the car]], and it presaged Ferrari's full embrace of mid-engine architecture, as well as [[V6]] and [[V8]] engines, in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name=Stone>{{cite web |author-last=Stone |author-first=Matt |website=Forza Magazine |title=Adaptation |url=https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/204/articles/adaptation |date=19 January 2023 |access-date=15 May 2023 }}</ref>

=== Contemporary ===
Enzo Ferrari died in 1988, an event that saw Fiat expand its stake to 90%.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/08/business/company-news-fiat-raises-stake-in-ferrari-to-90.html |title=Fiat Raises Stake in Ferrari to 90% |newspaper=The New York Times |date=8 September 1988 |access-date=10 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420003512/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/08/business/company-news-fiat-raises-stake-in-ferrari-to-90.html |archive-date=20 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The last car that he personally approved—the [[Ferrari F40|F40]]—expanded on the flagship [[supercar]] approach first tried by the [[Ferrari 288 GTO|288 GTO]] four years earlier.<ref name=Barlow>{{cite web |author-last=Barlow |author-first=Jason |title=Ferrari bloodline: F40, F50, 288 GTO and Enzo at the TG track |website=Top Gear |date=21 July 2017 |url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/supercars/ferrari-f40-30-anniversary-bloodline-288-gto-f50-enzo-tg-track |access-date=22 May 2023 |archive-date=3 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903152146/https://www.topgear.com/car-news/supercars/ferrari-f40-30-anniversary-bloodline-288-gto-f50-enzo-tg-track |url-status=live }}</ref> Enzo was succeeded in 1991 by [[Luca Cordero di Montezemolo]], under whose 23-year-long chairmanship the company greatly expanded. Between 1991 and 2014, he increased the profitability of Ferrari's road cars nearly tenfold, both by increasing the range of cars offered and through limiting the total number produced. Montezemolo's chairmanship also saw an expansion in licensing deals, a drastic improvement in Ferrari's Formula One performance (not least through the hiring of [[Michael Schumacher]] and [[Jean Todt]]), and the production of three more flagship cars: the [[Ferrari F50|F50]], the [[Ferrari Enzo|Enzo]], and the [[LaFerrari]]. In addition to his leadership of Ferrari, Montezemolo was also the chairman of Fiat proper between 2004 and 2010.<ref name=Shea>{{cite web |author-last=Shea |author-first=Terry |title=End of an era at Ferrari: Montezemolo out; Marchionne steps in |website=Hemmings Motor News |date=16 September 2014 |url=https://www.hemmings.com/stories/2014/09/16/end-of-an-era-at-ferrari-montezemolo-out-marchionne-steps-in |access-date=22 May 2023 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522170509/https://www.hemmings.com/stories/2014/09/16/end-of-an-era-at-ferrari-montezemolo-out-marchionne-steps-in |url-status=live }}</ref>

After Montezemolo resigned, he was replaced in quick succession by many new chairmen and CEOs. He was succeeded first by [[Sergio Marchionne]],<ref name=Shea /> who would oversee Ferrari's [[initial public offering]] and subsequent [[Corporate spin-off|spin-off]] from [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Ferrari IPO prices at $52/share, within range |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/20/ferrari-ipo-prices-at-52share-within-range.html |website=CNBC |date=20 October 2015 |access-date=21 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021123537/http://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/20/ferrari-ipo-prices-at-52share-within-range.html |archive-date=21 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Edmondson |first=Laurence |title=Ferrari chairman Marchionne dies aged 66 |website=ESPN.com |date=25 July 2018 |url=https://www.espn.com/f1/story/_/id/24188829/ferrari-chairman-sergio-marchionne-dies-aged-66 |access-date=22 May 2023 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522170513/https://www.espn.com/f1/story/_/id/24188829/ferrari-chairman-sergio-marchionne-dies-aged-66 |url-status=live }}</ref> and then by [[Louis Camilleri]] as CEO and [[John Elkann]] as chairman.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-fiatchrysler-ceo-ferrari/ferrari-picks-louis-camilleri-as-ceo-elkann-as-chairman-idUSKBN1KB0P2 |title=Ferrari picks Louis Camilleri as CEO, Elkann as chairman |date=21 July 2018 |work=Reuters |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721201829/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-fiatchrysler-ceo-ferrari/ferrari-picks-louis-camilleri-as-ceo-elkann-as-chairman-idUSKBN1KB0P2 |archive-date=21 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Beginning in 2021, Camilleri was replaced as CEO by [[Benedetto Vigna]], who has announced plans to develop Ferrari's first fully electric model.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Isidore |first1=Chris |title=Tech executive tapped as new Ferrari CEO as it plans its first EV |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/09/business/ferrari-names-new-ceo/index.html |access-date=15 July 2021 |publisher=CNN |date=9 June 2021 |archive-date=15 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715160311/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/09/business/ferrari-names-new-ceo/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During this period, Ferrari has expanded its production, owing to a global increase in wealth, while becoming more selective with its licensing deals.<ref>{{cite web |last=Woodard |first=Collin |title=So Many People Want Ferraris, the Factory Has to Increase Production |website=Motor Trend |date=13 December 2017 |url=https://www.motortrend.com/news/many-people-want-ferraris-increase-production/ |access-date=22 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ferrari to Cut its Licensing Deals in Half as it Looks to Move its Non-Car Offerings Up the Luxury Ladder |website=The Fashion Law |date=6 November 2019 |url=https://www.thefashionlaw.com/ferrari-to-cut-its-licensing-deals-in-half-as-it-looks-to-move-up-the-luxury-ladder/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108223851/https://www.thefashionlaw.com/ferrari-to-cut-its-licensing-deals-in-half-as-it-looks-to-move-up-the-luxury-ladder/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 }}</ref>