Editing Fernando Pessoa (section)

== Early life ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2022}}
[[File:Fernando Pessoa Largo de São Carlos2035.JPG|thumb|200px|Pessoa's birthplace: a large flat at São Carlos Square, just in front of Lisbon's opera.]]

Pessoa was born in [[Lisbon]] on 13 June 1888. When Pessoa was five, his father, Joaquim de Seabra Pessôa, died of [[tuberculosis]], and less than seven months later his younger brother Jorge, aged one, also died (2 January 1889).<ref name = "Zenith, Richard 2008">{{cite book| last= Zenith |first= Richard |year= 2008| title= Fotobiografias Século XX: Fernando Pessoa| place= Lisboa| publisher= Círculo de Leitores| isbn= }}</ref> After the second marriage of his mother, Maria Magdalena Pinheiro Nogueira, by a [[proxy wedding]] to João Miguel dos Santos Rosa, Fernando sailed with his mother for [[South Africa]] in early 1896 to join his stepfather, a [[Portuguese Army|military]] officer appointed Portuguese [[Consul (representative)|consul]] in [[Durban]], capital of the former British [[Colony of Natal]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tóibín |first=Colm |date=2021-08-12 |title=I haven't been I |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v43/n16/colm-toibin/i-haven-t-been-i |access-date=2024-07-13 |work=London Review of Books |language=en |volume=43 |issue=16 |issn=0260-9592}}</ref>

In a letter dated 8 February 1918, Pessoa wrote:

[[File:FP triciclo.jpg|thumb|200px| Last year in Lisbon before moving to Durban, 1894, aged 6.]]

{{blockquote|There is only one event in the past which has both the definiteness and the importance required for rectification by direction; this is my father's death, which took place on 13 July 1893. My mother's second marriage (which took place on 30 December 1895) is another date which I can give with preciseness and it is important for me, not in itself, but in one of its results – the circumstance that, my stepfather becoming Portuguese Consul in Durban (Natal), I was educated there, this English education being a factor of supreme importance in my life, and, whatever my fate be, indubitably shaping it.
The dates of the voyages related to the above event are (as nearly as possible):

1st. voyage to Africa – left Lisbon beginning January 1896.

Return – left Durban in the afternoon of 1st. August 1901.

2nd. voyage to Africa – left Lisbon about 20th. September 1902.

Return – left Durban about 20th. August 1905.<ref>Letter to ''British Journal of Astrology'', W. Foulsham & Co., 61, Fleet Street, London, E.C., 8 February 1918. In Pessoa, Fernando (1999). ''Correspondência 1905–1922'', ed. Manuela Parreira da Silva. Lisboa: Assírio & Alvim, p. 258, {{ISBN|978-85-7164-916-3}}.</ref>}}

The young Pessoa received his early education at St. Joseph Convent School, a [[Roman Catholic]] [[grammar school]] run by [[Irish people|Irish]] and [[French people|French]] nuns. He moved to the [[Durban High School]] in April 1899, becoming fluent in [[English language|English]] and developing an appreciation for [[English literature]]. During the [[Matriculation examination|Matriculation Examination]], held at the time by the University of the Cape of Good Hope (forerunner of the [[University of Cape Town]]), in November 1903, he was awarded the recently created [[Queen Victoria]] Memorial Prize for best paper in English. While preparing to enter university, he also attended the [[Durban Commercial High School]] during one year, taking night classes.<ref name = "Zenith, Richard 2021">{{cite book| last= Zenith |first= Richard |year= 2021| title= Pessoa: A Biography| place= New York| publisher= Liveright Publishing Corporation| isbn= 9781324090779}}</ref>

[[File:Pessoa 1898.jpg|thumb|200px|Pessoa in Durban, 1898, aged 10.]]

Meanwhile, Pessoa started writing short stories in English, some under the name of David Merrick, many of which he left unfinished.<ref name="Zenith, Richard 2008"/> At the age of sixteen, ''[[The Natal Mercury]]'' (edition of 6 July 1904) published his satirical poem "Hillier did first usurp the realms of rhyme ...", under the name of C. R. Anon (anonymous), along with a brief introductory text: "I read with great amusement...".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Monteiro |first=George |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=5TLLwMasVPUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=fernando+pessoa+natal+mercury&ots=X0Lfx7Gr2J&sig=MvcuZxfKnPnRjEZ7Yrw06e2QAO8&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=fernando%20pessoa%20natal%20mercury&f=true |title=Fernando Pessoa and Nineteenth-century Anglo-American Literature |date=2000 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=978-0-8131-3270-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pessoa |first=Fernando |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm62282634 |title=A little larger than the entire universe: selected poems |last2=Zenith |first2=Richard |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-303955-6 |series=Penguin classics |location=New York |oclc=ocm62282634}}</ref> In December, ''The Durban High School Magazine'' published his essay "Macaulay".<ref>Monteiro, Maria da Encarnação (1961), ''Incidências Inglesas na Poesia de Fernando Pessoa, Coimbra:  author ed.''</ref> From February to June 1905, in the section "The Man in the Moon", ''[[The Natal Mercury]]'' also published at least four [[sonnet]]s by Fernando Pessoa: "Joseph Chamberlain", "To England I", "To England II" and "Liberty".<ref>Jennings, H. D. (1984), ''Os Dois Exilios'', Porto: Centro de Estudos Pessoanos</ref> His poems often carried humorous versions of [[Anonymity|Anon]] as the author's name. Pessoa started using [[pen names]] quite young. The first one, still in his childhood, was Chevalier de Pas, supposedly a [[French nobility|French noble]]. In addition to Charles Robert Anon and David Merrick, the young writer also signed up, among other pen names, as Horace James Faber, {{ill|Alexander Search|pt}}, and other meaningful names.<ref name="Zenith, Richard 2021"/>

In the preface to ''[[The Book of Disquiet]]'', Pessoa wrote about himself:
{{blockquote|Nothing had ever obliged him to do anything. He had spent his childhood alone. He never joined any group. He never pursued a course of study. He never belonged to a crowd. The circumstances of his life were marked by that strange but rather common phenomenon – perhaps, in fact, it's true for all lives – of being tailored to the image and likeness of his instincts, which tended towards inertia and withdrawal.}}

[[File:Pessoa13.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Pessoa in 1901, aged 13.]]
The young Pessoa was described by a schoolfellow as follows:
{{blockquote |I cannot tell you exactly how long I knew him, but the period during which I received most of my impressions of him was the whole of the year 1904 when we were at school together. How old he was at this time I don't know, but judge him to have 15 or 16. [...]

He was pale and thin and appeared physically to be very imperfectly developed. He had a narrow and contracted chest and was inclined to stoop. He had a peculiar walk and some defect in his eyesight gave to his eyes also a peculiar appearance, the lids seemed to drop over the eyes. [...]

He was regarded as a brilliant clever boy as, in spite of the fact that he had not spoken English in his early years, he had learned it so rapidly and so well that he had a splendid style in that language. Although younger than his schoolfellows of the same class he appeared to have no difficulty in keeping up with and surpassing them in work. For one of his age, he thought much and deeply and in a letter to me once complained of "spiritual and material encumbrances of most especial adverseness". [...]

He took no part in athletic sports of any kind and I think his spare time was spent on reading. We generally considered that he worked far too much and that he would ruin his health by so doing.<ref>Clifford E. Geerdts, letter to ''Dr. Faustino Antunes'', 10 April 1907. In Pessoa, Fernando (2003). ''Escritos Autobiográficos, Automáticos e de Reflexão Pessoal'', ed. Richard Zenith. Lisboa: Assírio & Alvim, pp. 394–398.</ref>}}

Ten years after his arrival, he sailed for [[Lisbon]] by East through the [[Suez Canal]] on board the "Herzog", leaving Durban for good at the age of seventeen. This journey inspired the poems "Opiário" (dedicated to his friend, the poet and writer [[Mário de Sá-Carneiro]]) published in March 1915, in the literary journal ''[[Geração de Orpheu|Orpheu]]'' nr.1<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/23620|title=Orpheu Nº1 Revista Trimestral de Literatura|date=1915|editor-last=Ferro|editor-first=António Joaquim Tavares| language= Portuguese}}</ref> and "Ode Marítima" (dedicated to the futurist painter [[Guilherme de Santa-Rita|Santa-Rita]]) published in June 1915, in ''Orpheu'' nr.2<ref>{{citation | publisher = [[Project Gutenberg]] | url = https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/23621 | title = Orpheu | issue = 2| first1= Alvaro |last1= de Campos| first2= Violante |last2= Cisneiros| first3= Eduardo |last3= Guimarães| first4= Raul |last4= de Oliveira Sousa Leal| first5= Ângelo |last5= Vaz Pinto Azevedo Coutinho de Lima| first6= Luís |last6= de Montalvor| first7= Fernando |last7= Pessoa| first8= Mário |last8= de Sá-Carneiro| editor= António Joaquim Tavares Ferro}}</ref> by his [[heteronym (literature)|heteronym]] [[Álvaro de Campos]].