Editing Ferdinand I of Portugal (section)

==Life==
Ferdinand was born in [[Coimbra]], the second but eldest surviving son of [[Peter I of Portugal|Peter I]] and his wife, [[Constanza Manuel]].<ref name=Adam>[https://books.google.com/books?id=NdgCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA560 ''Spain and Portugal'', Graeme Mercer Adam ed., J. D. Morris, 1906]</ref>{{sfn|Livermore|1969|p=90}} On the death of [[Peter of Castile]] in 1369, Ferdinand, as great-grandson of [[Sancho IV of Castile|Sancho IV]] by his grandmother [[Beatrice of Castile (1293–1359)|Beatrice]], laid claim to the vacant Castilian throne. The kings of [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]] and [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]], and later [[John of Gaunt|John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster]], who had married Peter of Castile's eldest daughter, [[Constance of Castile, Duchess of Lancaster|Constance]], also claimed the throne.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Ferdinand I. of Portugal|volume=10|page=265}}</ref>

The throne was held by his second cousin [[Henry II of Castile|Henry of Trastámara]] (Henry II of Castile), Peter of Castile's illegitimate brother, who had defeated him in the [[Castilian Civil War]] in 1366 and assumed the crown.{{sfn|Livermore|1969|p=95}} After one or two indecisive campaigns, all parties were ready to accept the mediation of [[Pope Gregory XI]]. The conditions of the treaty, ratified in 1371, included a marriage between Ferdinand and [[Eleanor of Castile, Queen of Navarre|Leonora of Castile]].{{sfn|Livermore|1969|p=95}} But before the union could take place Ferdinand had become passionately attached to [[Leonor Telles de Meneses]], the wife of one of his own courtiers. Having procured a dissolution of her previous marriage, he lost no time in making Leonor his queen.<ref name="EB1911"/><ref name=Adam/>
[[File:Chapelle Ardente of the King of Portugal, with hatchments - Chronique d' Angleterre (Volume III) (late 15th C), f.217v - BL Royal MS 14 E IV.png|thumb|left|''The Funeral of D. Fernando'' from the ''Chronique d' Angleterre''; Jean de Wavrin, late 14th century]]
This conduct, although it raised a serious insurrection in Portugal, did not at once result in a war with Henry.  However, the outward concord was soon disturbed by intrigues with [[John of Gaunt]], Duke of Lancaster, brother of [[Edward the Black Prince]], who entered into a secret treaty with Ferdinand for the expulsion of Henry from his throne. The war which followed was unsuccessful, and peace was again made in 1373,{{sfn|Goodman|1992|p=113}} with a treaty that enforced the exile of Ferdinand's last Galician supporters.<ref name="EB1911"/>

On the death of Henry in 1379, the Duke of Lancaster once more put forward his claims, and again found an ally in Portugal.{{sfn|Goodman|1992|p=114}} In 1381, conflict erupted on the Portuguese-Castilian frontier but the English army, led by [[Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York|Edmund Langley]], was ineffectively equipped and financed.{{sfn|Goodman|1992|p=114}}{{sfn|Livermore|1969|p=98}} So Ferdinand made a peace for himself at [[Badajoz]] in 1382. In 1383, the [[Fernandine Wars|Treaty of Salvaterra]] stipulated that [[Beatrice of Portugal|Beatrice]], Ferdinand's daughter and heiress, would marry King [[John I of Castile]],{{sfn|Goodman|1992|p=114}}{{sfn|Livermore|1969|p=98}} and thus secure the ultimate union of the two crowns.<ref name="EB1911"/>

Ferdinand left no male heir when he died, probably from poisoning, at Lisbon on 22 October 1383,{{sfn|Livermore|1969|p=99}} and the direct [[Portuguese House of Burgundy|Burgundian]] line, which had been in possession of the throne since the days of [[Henry, Count of Portugal|Count Henry]] (about 1112), became extinct. The stipulations of the [[Fernandine Wars|Treaty of Salvaterra]] were set aside, and [[John I of Portugal|John]], Grand Master of the [[order of Aviz]], Ferdinand's illegitimate brother, claimed the throne.<ref name="EB1911"/> This led to a period of war and political indefinition known as the [[1383–1385 Crisis]]. John became the first king of the [[House of Aviz]] in 1385.

Ferdinand's spectacular ornate tomb can be found on display at the [[Carmo Convent (Lisbon)|Carmo Archaeological Museum]] in Lisbon. His body was destroyed during the [[Invasion of Portugal (1807)|Invasions of Portugal]], when he was still buried in [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]], and was never recovered.