Editing Female genital mutilation (section)

==Terminology==
[[File:Samburu female circumcision ceremony, Kenya.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|alt=photograph|[[Samburu people|Samburu]] FGM ceremony, [[Laikipia County|Laikipia]] plateau, Kenya, 2004]]

Until the 1980s, FGM was widely known in English as "female circumcision", implying an equivalence in severity with [[male circumcision]].{{sfn|Nussbaum|1999|loc=119}} From 1929 the [[National Council of Churches of Kenya|Kenya Missionary Council]] referred to it as the sexual mutilation of women, following the lead of [[Marion Stevenson|Marion Scott Stevenson]], a [[Church of Scotland]] missionary.{{sfn|Karanja|2009|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=F1ezIgyomGIC&pg=PA93 93], n.&nbsp;631}} References to the practice as mutilation increased throughout the 1970s.<ref name=WHO2008pp4,22>[[#WHO2008|WHO 2008]], 4, 22.</ref> In 1975 [[Rose Oldfield Hayes]], an American anthropologist, used the term ''female genital mutilation'' in the title of a paper in ''[[American Ethnologist]]'',{{sfn|Hayes|1975}} and four years later [[Fran Hosken]] called it mutilation in her influential ''The Hosken Report: Genital and Sexual Mutilation of Females''.{{sfn|Hosken|1994}} The [[Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children]] began referring to it as female genital mutilation in 1990, and the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) followed suit in 1991.<ref>[[#UNICEF2013|UNICEF 2013]], 6–7.</ref> Other English terms include ''female genital cutting'' (FGC) and ''female genital mutilation/cutting'' (FGM/C), preferred by those who work with practitioners.<ref name=WHO2008pp4,22/>

In countries where FGM is common, the practice's many variants are reflected in dozens of terms, often alluding to purification.<ref name=UNICEF2013p48>[[#UNICEF2013|UNICEF 2013]], 48.</ref> In the [[Bambara language]], spoken mostly in Mali, it is known as ''bolokoli'' ("washing your hands"){{sfn|Zabus|2008|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xZmWF3qxHo4C&pg=PA47 47]}} and in the [[Igbo language]] in eastern Nigeria as ''isa aru'' or ''iwu aru'' ("having your bath").{{efn|For example, "a young woman must 'have her bath' before she has a baby."{{sfn|Zabus|2013|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NCJiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 40]}}}} A common Arabic term for purification has the root ''t-h-r'', used for male and female circumcision (''tahur'' and ''tahara'').{{sfn|El Guindi|2007|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8VQxt634pfcC&pg=PA30 30]}} It is also known in Arabic as ''khafḍ'' or ''khifaḍ''.{{sfn|Asmani|Abdi|2008|loc=3–5}} Communities may refer to FGM as "pharaonic" for [[infibulation]] and "''[[Sunnah|sunna]]''" circumcision for everything else;{{sfn|Gruenbaum|2001|loc=2–3}} ''sunna'' means "path or way" in Arabic and refers to the tradition of [[Muhammad]], although none of the procedures are required within Islam.{{sfn|Asmani|Abdi|2008|loc=3–5}} The term ''infibulation'' derives from [[Fibula (brooch)|''fibula'']], Latin for clasp; the [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]] reportedly fastened clasps through the foreskins or labia of slaves to prevent sexual intercourse. The surgical infibulation of women came to be known as pharaonic circumcision in [[Sudan]] and as Sudanese circumcision in [[Egypt]].{{sfn|Kouba|Muasher|1985|loc=96–97}} In [[Somalia]], it is known simply as ''qodob'' ("to sew up").{{sfn|Abdalla|2007|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JO_SBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA190 190]}}