Editing Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973 (section)

==Legislative history==
Beginning in 1964, Congress passed a new highway aid act every two years, authorizing new expenditures and making changes to federal highway policies.

The [[Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968]] and the [[Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1970]] had authorized states to issue contracts for construction of the [[Interstate Highway System]] and urban and rural primary and secondary roads through June 30, 1974. It also provided funds for these contracts. Congress again attempted to pass legislation (the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1972) in 1972. However, the bill died after a [[United States House of Representatives|House]]–[[United States Senate|Senate]] [[Committee#Conference committee|conference committee]] was unable to agree whether to allow Highway Trust Funds to be used for mass transit.<ref>Dunn, p. 91.</ref><ref name="RosenbaumSpur" /> Another controversial issue was whether to require the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] to build the controversial [[Three Sisters Bridge (District of Columbia)|Three Sisters Bridge]].<ref>"Disagreement Kills Three Sisters Bill." ''Washington Post.'' October 15, 1972.</ref>

Two important personnel changes occurred in the House after the failure of this legislation. Federal elections for the House and Senate were held in November 1972. First, [[Democratic party (United States)|Democratic]] Representative [[William M. Colmer]] declined to run for office again. He was replaced as chair of the [[United States House Committee on Rules|House Rules Committee]] by the much more liberal Democratic Representative [[Ray Madden]].<ref>Naughton, James M. "House Rules Chairman Favors Floor Amendments to Tax Bills; Impact Would Be Wide." ''New York Times.'' January 9, 1973.</ref> Second, the death of Democratic Representative [[Hale Boggs]], the [[Leaders of the United States House of Representatives|House Majority Leader]], in a plane crash in [[Alaska]] on October 16, 1972,<ref>"Plane With Hale Boggs Aboard Missing in Storm." ''United Press International.'' October 17, 1972.</ref> elevated [[Tip O'Neill|Thomas P. "Tip" O'Neill]] to that position when the new 93rd Congress convened in January 1973.<ref>Reston, James. "The Mood of Congress." ''New York Times.'' January 5, 1973.</ref>

===Congressional action===
With federal highway aid to the state scheduled to run out on June 30, 1973,<ref name="Russellgains">Russell, Mary. "Transit View Gains in Road Bill." ''Washington Post.'' June 26, 1973.</ref> work on a new highway bill began almost immediately in the new Congress.

In the Senate, mass transit advocates won a major victory. On March 14, the Senate voted to give states the authority to use up to $850 million of Highway Trust Fund money in both 1973 and 1974 for the expansion or construction of mass transit.<ref>Braestrup, Peter. "Senate Votes Transit Use of Road Fund." ''Washington Post.'' March 15, 1973.</ref> The vote was a close 49-to-44.<ref name="BarringTransit">"Roads Bill Barring Transit Aid Gains." ''New York Times.'' April 6, 1973.</ref> The Senate bill also proposed spending $18 billion on highway and mass transit over three years, and included no money for highway safety or design improvement programs.<ref name="RussellApprove" />

There was weaker support for mass transit spending in the House, however. In 1972, Representative Colmer had used his role as chair of the Rules Committee to block any floor amendments aimed at adding mass transit spending to the 1972 highway bill.<ref name="RosenbaumSpur">{{cite news |last1=Rosenbaum |first1=David |title=Highway Funds Spur New Fight |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/08/archives/highway-funds-spur-new-fight-close-vote-likely-senate-vote-cited.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 8, 1973 |page=B14}}</ref><ref name="BarringTransit" /> But Colmer was gone, and Representative Madden was much more willing to allow changes to the bill to be made on the House floor. Few expected transit spending authorization to come from the [[United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure|House Public Works Committee]], however. The committee was populated primarily by members of Congress from rural areas who wanted to expend money on highways and were not willing to devote funds to the construction of mass transit (which benefitted only cities). But there was much stronger support for mass transit spending in the House as a whole.<ref name="BarringTransit" /> Furthermore, the new Majority Leader, Tip O'Neill, was a strong supporter of mass transit,<ref name="RosenbaumSpur" /> and [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] [[Carl Albert]] was willing to allow floor amendments on mass transit.<ref name="GettingFund">"Getting the Highway Fund on the Right Tracks." ''Washington Post.'' April 17, 1973.</ref>

To help reduce the chances that members of the full House would drastically amend the legislation, for the first time in years the Public Works Committee voted on major provisions of the highway bill in open public session.<ref name="BarringTransit" /> Representative [[Glenn M. Anderson]], Democrat from [[California]], offered an amendment in committee to allow cities to use their $700-million per year share of funding for urban highways on mass transit. His motion was defeated. However, Texas Democrat [[Jim Wright]] offered an amendment which was successful: Cities awarded urban highway funds could cancel these highways and return the money to the Highway Trust Fund. They could then apply to the [[United States Treasury]] for an equal amount in general federal revenues (if available). Wright's amendment also permitted states to cancel non-critical interstate highway projects as well, return the funds, and receive general federal revenues in return.<ref name="GettingFund" />

The Public Works Committee reported its bill on April 5, 1973. The committee bill added {{convert|10000|mi|km}} to the Interstate Highway System.<ref name="BarringTransit" /> For the first time in many years, the bill did not contain very much language earmarking funds for or requiring states to build specific construction projects. It did contain, however, provisions requiring the [[United States Department of Transportation|Department of Transportation]] (DOT) to establish a program on highway safety research and design improvement. The total cost of the bill was $25.9 billion over three years.<ref name="GettingFund" />

Anderson submitted his mass transit amendment when the Public Works bill came up on the floor of the full House of Representatives in late April 1973. The House defeated his amendment by just 25 votes.<ref name="Russellgains" />

===The contentious conference committee===
A conference committee was appointed by the House and Senate in early June 1973 to reconcile the two pieces of legislation. The committee almost immediately deadlocked over the mass transit issue.  Members of the Senate said states should be permitted to make up their own minds about transportation spending, while House members accused the Senate of "raiding" the Highway Trust Fund. While all of the Senate conferees were in favor of using highway funds for mass transit, only two of the nine House members supported this plan. Senate conferees offered a compromise, based on suggestions made by President [[Richard Nixon]] and Representative [[Donald H. Clausen]] (a Republican from California). Under this scheme, up to 20 percent of the highway trust funds raised by each state could be used either for highways or for mass transit (up to a total national limit of $800 million a year). Another $588 million would be earmarked for spending on urban highways. To pay for the mass transit program, $800 million in spending would be cut from the urban and rural primary and secondary road building program. The House conferees rejected the proposal by a vote of 5-to-4 (with one Democrat voting with the Republicans).<ref name="Russellgains" />

On other issues, the conferees were able to come to agreement much more easily. Although the House bill projected spending of $9 billion a year over three years and the Senate $7 billion a year over three years, but both sides agreed to cut spending down to $5 billion or $6 billion a year over three years. The Senate also agreed to ease requirements that states meet certain civil rights and environmental standards, which would allow a number of highway construction projects which had been held up to move forward.<ref name="Russellgains" />

After two and a half weeks of negotiations, the conference committee was still deadlocked. Pressure was mounting on the House conferees, however. Some states were due to run out of highway construction funds on June 30, and the construction industry was pressing the House conferees to give way on the mass transit issue. Furthermore, the [[1973 oil crisis]] was just beginning, causing a shortage of [[gasoline]] in the United States. The gas shortage also put pressure on the House conferees to approve funding for mass transit.<ref name="Russellgains" />

With the conference committee unable to report a bill, the Senate passed a [[continuing resolution]] on June 25 which would continue to fund highway construction in 30 states for four more months at 1970 levels.<ref name="Russellgains" /> The House was reluctant to agree to such a measure, since it would only lead to higher pressure over time for a compromise on the mass transit issue.<ref name="RussellParley">Russell, Mary. "Interim Road Bill Aim of Hill Parley." ''Washington Post.'' June 28, 1973.</ref> But with states running out of money, the House passed by voice vote a $1.5 billion highway aid continuing resolution.<ref>"$1.5 Billion Temporary Bill Passed to Continue U.S. Highway Projects." ''Washington Post.'' June 29, 1973.</ref>

The conference committee reached agreement on the mass transit issue on July 19, 1973. The key negotiators were Representative Jim Wright and Senator [[Lloyd Bentsen]], both of Texas.<ref name="RussellApprove" /> The conference committee bill allowed states to use up to $200 million of fiscal year 1975's $800 million urban highway appropriation to purchases mass transit buses. In fiscal year 1976, states could divert up to the entire $800 million urban highway appropriation to mass transit (which now included not only buses but also rolling stock as well as rail construction). The conferees also agreed to bar states from canceling sections of their planned interstates to use the money for mass transit. Some issues were still unresolved, however. Conferees had not yet reached agreement on whether states could use highway trust funds for rail operations, whether to give precedence to funding for roads which connected with the interstates, or whether to include a highway safety program in the highway aid bill or pass it as a stand-alone bill. The issue of whether to expand the Interstate Highway System was also outstanding.<ref>"Accord on Highway Bill Frees Funds for Transit." ''Washington Post.'' July 20, 1973.</ref>

A final Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973 was reported out of conference committee on July 20.<ref name="RussellApprove">Russell, Mary. "Conferees Approve Highway Fund Bill." ''Washington Post.'' July 21, 1973.</ref> The conference committee had met 29 times over two months, an exceptionally high number of meetings and long period of time. On August 1, the Senate approved the conference report by a vote of 95-to-1.<ref name="MaddenVoted">Madden, Richard L. "Mass Transit Aid Voted by Senate." ''New York Times.'' August 2, 1973.</ref> The House followed suit by voice vote on August 3.<ref>Russell, Mary. "Hill Passes Road, Farm, Wage Bills." ''Washington Post.'' August 4, 1973.</ref>

The highway bill proved acceptable to President Nixon,<ref>Russell, Mary. "Brinegar Promises No Road Bill Veto." ''Washington Post.'' August 3, 1973.</ref> and he signed the bill into law on August 13, 1973.<ref>Andelman, David A. "Officials Plan for Use of Highway Funds." ''New York Times.'' August 15, 1973.</ref>