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==History== ===Settlement through Antebellum period=== [[File:Fayetteville, Arkansas circa 1887.jpg|left|thumb|Fayetteville, {{c.}} 1887]] In 1828, George McGarrah settled at Big Spring with his family on the modern day corner of Spring and Willow, founding the town of Washington, and starting work on the courthouse. On October 17, [[Washington County, Arkansas|Washington County]] was established, Washington chosen as the county seat. The Washington Courthouse was finished in 1829, and also contained the post office. Later in the year Postmaster Larkin Newton changed the name to the Fayetteville Courthouse, to avoid confusing with [[Washington, Arkansas|Washington]], [[Hempstead County, Arkansas|Hempstead County]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Adison|first1=Charlie|title=Timeline — 1820s|url=http://www.fayettevillehistory.org/1820s/|website=Fayetteville History|access-date=August 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305221856/http://www.fayettevillehistory.org/1820s/|archive-date=March 5, 2016|quote=Because of confusion arising from another Arkansas town in Hempstead County already being named Washington, the postmaster general orders Washington Courthouse to be renamed.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Deane | first = Ernie | author-link = Ernie Deane | title = Arkansas Place Names | publisher = The Ozarks Mountaineer | year = 1986 | location = Branson, Missouri | page = 83 | oclc = 14961821 }}</ref> Two councilmen selected to name the city were from [[Fayetteville, Tennessee]], which was itself named for [[Fayetteville, North Carolina|Fayetteville]], [[North Carolina]] (where some of its earliest residents had lived before moving to Tennessee). That original Fayetteville was named for [[Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette|General Lafayette]], a [[French Armed Forces|French]] general who helped the colonies gain independence in the [[American Revolutionary War]]. The first store in Fayetteville was opened by John Nye in a small building constructed by James Holmsley. In 1832 [[David Walker (Arkansas politician)|David Walker]], Chief Justice of the [[Arkansas Supreme Court]], built a double log cabin on what is now Center Street. In 1822 [[Archibald Yell]], the second Governor of Arkansas, built a house and called it "Waxhaw" after his home in [[North Carolina]]. The house was on the outskirts of town then but now the area has a street named after him which connects College and School streets. The first hotels were the Burnside House and the Onstott House. Fayetteville was incorporated as a town on November 3, 1836. In 1859, a city charter was obtained from the Legislature. During the [[American Civil War]] the municipal government was suspended and was not reinstated until 1867. P.V. Rhea was the president of the town trustees in 1836; J.W. Walker was the first mayor under the charter of 1859, and M.L. Harrison was the first mayor when the government was reorganized in 1867. The [[telegraph]] came to Fayetteville in 1860, strung along [[Old Wire Road|Military Road]] from [[St. Louis, Missouri]], to [[Little Rock, Arkansas]].<ref name="fh86">{{cite web|last1=Adison|first1=Charlie|title=Timeline — 1860s|url=http://fayettevillehistory.typepad.com/main//1860s/|website=fayettevillehistory.org|access-date=August 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209215147/http://fayettevillehistory.typepad.com/main/1860s/|archive-date=February 9, 2009|quote=First telegraph line is strung by the Stebbins Telegraph Co. from Jefferson City along the old military road, through Fayetteville and into Fort Smith.}}</ref> ===Civil War and Reconstruction=== [[File:Headquarters House, Fayetteville, Arkansas.jpg|left|thumb|[[Headquarters House (Fayetteville, Arkansas)|"Colonel Tebbetts place"]] served as the headquarters for U.S. forces during the [[Battle of Fayetteville (1863)|Battle of Fayetteville]] and is a museum with exhibits about the [[American Civil War|conflict]].]] During the Civil War, Union General [[Samuel Ryan Curtis]] occupied Fayetteville on February 18, 1862,<ref>{{cite book|title=Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862|year=1863|publisher=D. Appleton & Company|location=New York|page=451|url=https://archive.org/stream/1862appletonsan02newyuoft#page/n458/mode/1up|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426090104/https://archive.org/stream/1862appletonsan02newyuoft#page/n458/mode/1up|archive-date=April 26, 2013}}</ref> and the next week, the [[Battle of Pea Ridge]] was fought northeast of Fayetteville. The city housed wounded soldiers from the [[Battle of Prairie Grove]] in December 1862, and housed injured troops on [[Dickson Street]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wappel |first1=Anthony J |last2=Simpson |first2=Ethel C |title=Once Upon Dickson, An Illustrated History, 1868–2000 |edition=First |year=2008 |publisher=Phoenix International |location=Fayetteville, AR |isbn=978-0-9768007-7-4 |page=85 }}</ref> Confederate troops [[Battle of Fayetteville (1863)|besieged Union soldiers in Fayetteville]] during the Battle of Fayetteville on April 18, 1863, at the present-day intersection of College Avenue ([[U.S. Route 71B (Northwest Arkansas)|U.S. Route 71B]]) and Dickson Street, and at the Union headquarters.<ref name="fh86" /> Union soldiers held the city against cannon fire and cavalry attacks, although their headquarters sustained damage.<ref>Mahan, Russell, The Battle of Fayetteville, April 18, 1863; Historical Enterprises, Santa Clara, Utah, 2019.</ref> The building was restored and is operated as the [[Headquarters House (Fayetteville, Arkansas)|Headquarters House]], a museum of the Washington County Historical Society.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Register of Historic Places |publisher=Arkansas Historical Preservation Program |location=Little Rock, Arkansas |url=http://www.arkansaspreservation.com/Default.aspx?PageID=15720599 |access-date=June 8, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072441/http://www.arkansaspreservation.com/Default.aspx?PageID=15720599 |archive-date=January 3, 2018 }}</ref> Fayetteville was occupied from December 1862 until May 1865 (except May–September 1863) by the First Arkansas Union Cavalry, a regiment of Union men from Northwest Arkansas.<ref>Mahan, Russell L., Fayetteville, Arkansas, in the Civil War, Historical Byways, Bountiful, UT, 2003.</ref> Union forces repelled a Confederate attack in October 1864. After the war, the United States government established the [[Fayetteville National Cemetery]] in 1867. A cemetery for [[Fayetteville Confederate Cemetery|Confederate dead]] was founded in 1873. [[File:South Fayetteville, Arkansas, early 1890s.png|right|thumb|South end of Fayetteville, {{c.}} 1890]] Newspapers were established early; in 1859, [[Elias Cornelius Boudinot]], a young half-[[Cherokee]] attorney, and James Pettigrew founded ''The Arkansan.'' The ''Fayetteville Weekly Democrat'' began publishing in 1868. It later became the ''[[Northwest Arkansas Times]]'' and is still in print today. The [[Fayetteville Public Schools|Fayetteville Schools District]] was founded on March 20, 1871, as the first independent school district in Arkansas. The public school system was established by the [[Reconstruction era (United States)|Reconstruction era]] legislature; before the war, all education was private. Arkansas had struggled with [[History of Arkansas#Banking crisis|a state banking crisis]], resulting in the illegality of banking until 1868. After the reinstatement of banking, the Stark Bank became the first bank in the state in 1872, becoming the William McIlroy Bank four years later. The institution remains today as [[Arvest Bank]]. ===School integration=== In 1954, [[Charleston, Arkansas]] was the first school district in the southern United States to implement school integration in response to ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]''. A few days later Fayetteville, to the north of Charleston, was the second school district in the southern United States to integrate schools after the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] decision.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/desegregation-of-fayetteville-schools-5278/|title=Desegregation of Fayetteville Schools|publisher=Encyclopedia of Arkansas|access-date=May 14, 2018|archive-date=September 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915073716/https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/desegregation-of-fayetteville-schools-5278/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="eoa deseg">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Desegregation of Charleston Schools|url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=730|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Arkansas|access-date=January 4, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105011843/http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=730|archive-date=January 5, 2018}}</ref><ref name="First Stand">{{cite web|last1=Appleby|first1=David|title=Hoxie - The First Stand|url=http://newsreel.org/video/HOXIE-THE-FIRST-STAND|access-date=January 4, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105011643/http://newsreel.org/video/HOXIE-THE-FIRST-STAND|archive-date=January 5, 2018}}</ref>
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