Editing Expo 67 (section)

==History==

===Background===
[[File:expopass.jpg|left|thumb|325 px| Expo 67 passport]]
The idea of hosting the 1967 World Exhibition dates back to 1957. "I believe it was [[Pierre Sévigny (politician)|Colonel Sevigny]] who first asked me to do what I could to bring Canada's selection as the site for the international exposition in 1967," wrote Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]] in his memoir.<ref>{{cite book |title=One Canada The Years of Achievement 1956 to 1962 |last=Diefenbaker |first=John G |publisher=Macmillan of Canada |year=1976 |isbn=077051443X |pages=[https://archive.org/details/onecanadamemoirs0000dief/page/303 303] |url=https://archive.org/details/onecanadamemoirs0000dief/page/303}}</ref>  Montreal's mayor, [[Sarto Fournier]], backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE).  At the BIE's May 5, 1960 meeting in [[Paris]], Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bid to Hold the World's Fair in Montreal |work=Expo 67 Man and His World |publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]] |year=2007 |url=http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html |access-date=June 14, 2007 |archive-date=March 31, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331230530/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/0533020101_e.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> In April 1962,<ref name="Soviets Cancel">{{cite news |title=Briefly |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |date=April 16, 1967 |location=Toronto |page=31}}</ref> however, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair because of financial constraints and security concerns.<ref name=Fulford>{{cite book |last=Fulford |first=Robert |title=Remembering Expo: A Pictorial Record |year=1968 |publisher=McClelland and Stewart Ltd |location=Toronto |page=10}}</ref><ref name="Yves Jasmin">{{cite web |last=Jasmin |first=Yves |title=Ce 1Er Avril 1962: Une Nouvelle ÉPoque S'ouvre Devant Montréal |url=http://www.expo67.org/carnets_120401_f |work=Carnets de l'Expo |publisher=Foundation Expo67 |access-date=April 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414172927/http://www.expo67.org/carnets_120401_f |archive-date=April 14, 2013 |location=Montreal |language=fr |date=April 1, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Montreal's new mayor, [[Jean Drapeau]], lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did.  On November 13, 1962,<ref name="Montreal Wins">{{cite news |title=Montreal Gets 1967 World's Fair |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hVUlAAAAIBAJ&dq=montreal%20gets%20world%20fair&pg=3983%2C3279859 |access-date=April 26, 2012 |newspaper=The Ottawa Citizen |date=November 14, 1962 |location=Ottawa |page=6}}</ref> the BIE changed the location of the World Exhibition to Canada,<ref name="Montreal Wins" /> and Expo 67 went on to become the second-best attended BIE-sanctioned [[List of world expositions|world exposition]], after the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|1900 Exposition Universelle]] in Paris.  (It is now fourth, having been surpassed by [[Expo '70|Osaka (1970)]] and [[Expo 2010|Shanghai (2010)]].)<ref name="Expo 2010">{{cite news |last=Beaton |first=Jessica |title=Shanghai 2010 Expo Breaks World Fair Attendance Record |url=https://travel.cnn.com/shanghai/play/expo-blows-70-million-person-target-321478/ |access-date=January 5, 2019 |newspaper=CNN International |date=October 26, 2010}}</ref>

Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was [[Mount Royal]] Park, to the north of the downtown core.<ref name="Simms">{{cite web |last1=Simms |first1=Don |first2=Stanley |last2=Burke |first3=Alan |last3=Yates |title=Montreal Gets the Call |work=Did You Know |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=November 13, 1962 |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/society/celebrations/expo-67-montreal-welcomes-the-world/montreal-gets-the-call.html |access-date=April 26, 2012}}</ref> But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, and to enlarge the existing [[Saint Helen's Island]]. The choice overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities, and also prevented land speculation.<ref>Berton, p. 260</ref> On March 29, 1963, the location for the World's Fair was officially announced as being Saint Helen's Island.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banter |first=Bill |date=March 29, 1963 |title='Dazzling' Future Viewed for Saint Helen's Fair Site |pages=1 |work=Montreal Gazette |quote=St. Helen's Island late yesterday won the blessing of the Federal Government as site of the 1967 World's Fair}}</ref>

===Key people===
[[File:Aerial view Canada Pavilion to Quebec Pavilion Expo 67 - LAC e000990837.jpg|left|thumb|The Expo 67 site on Notre Dame Island with the Canada, [[Québec Pavilion|Quebec]] and Ontario pavilions in view]]

Expo 67 did not get off to a smooth start; in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. The main reason for the resignations was Mayor Drapeau's choice of the site on new islands to be created around the existing St. Helen's Island and also that a computer program predicted that the event could not possibly be constructed in time.<ref name="Brown">{{cite web |last=Brown |first=Kingsley |date=November 5, 1963 |title=Building the World's Fair |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/society/celebrations/expo-67-montreal-welcomes-the-world/building-the-worlds-fair.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110225705/https://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/society/celebrations/expo-67-montreal-welcomes-the-world/building-the-worlds-fair.html |archive-date=November 10, 2012 |access-date=April 26, 2012 |work=Did You Know |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> Another more likely reason for the mass resignations was that on April 22, 1963, the federal [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of Prime Minister [[Lester Pearson]] took power. This meant that former Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] government appointees to the board of directors of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition were likely forced to resign.<ref name="Berton, p. 262">Berton, p. 262</ref>

Canadian diplomat [[Pierre Dupuy (diplomat)|Pierre Dupuy]] was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenu resigned from the post in 1963.<ref name="p.263">Berton, p. 263</ref> One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.<ref name="p.263" /> Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada.<ref name="p.264">Berton, p. 264</ref>  Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was [[Robert Fletcher Shaw]], the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the corporation.<ref name="p.264" />  He also replaced a Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, Deputy Commissioner General.<ref name="p.264" /> Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and is widely credited for the total building of the Exhibition.<ref name="p.264" /> Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. The management group became known as ''Les Durs''—the tough guys—and they were in charge of creating, building and managing Expo.<ref name="p.264" /> ''Les Durs'' consisted of: Jean-Claude Delorme, Legal Counsel and Secretary of the Corporation; Dale Rediker, Director of Finances; Colonel Edward Churchill, Director of Installations; [[Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien]], Director of Operations, dubbed "The Mayor of Expo"; Pierre de Bellefeuille, Director of Exhibitors; and Yves Jasmin, Director of Information, Advertising and Public Relations.<ref name="guidebook" /> To this group the chief architect Édouard Fiset was added. All ten were honoured by the Canadian government as recipients of the Order of Canada, Companions for Dupuy and Shaw, Officers for the others.

Jasmin wrote a book, in French, ''La petite histoire d'Expo 67'', about his 45-month experience at Expo and created the Expo 67 Foundation (available on the web site under that name) to commemorate the event for future generations.<ref>{{cite book |title=Official Expo 1967 Guide Book |year=1967 |publisher=Maclean-Hunter Publishing Co. Ltd. |location=Toronto |pages=256–258}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jasmin to Receive Award |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GUMjAAAAIBAJ&dq=yves%20jasmin&pg=5216%2C1173378 |access-date=April 25, 2012 |newspaper=The Montreal Gazette |date=May 5, 1967 |location=Montreal |page=15}}</ref>

As historian [[Pierre Berton]] put it, the cooperation between Canada's French- and English-speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success—'the [[Quebec|Québécois]] flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"<ref>Berton, p. 269</ref> However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the "[[Two Solitudes (Canadian society)|Two Solitudes]]."<ref>Berton, pp.269–270</ref>

===Montebello conference produces theme===
In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers—including Alan Jarvis, director of the [[National Gallery of Canada]]; novelists [[Hugh MacLennan]] and [[Gabrielle Roy]]; [[John Tuzo Wilson]], geophysicist; and Claude Robillard, town planner—met for three days at the [[Château Montebello|Seigneury Club]] in [[Montebello, Quebec]].<ref>Berton, p. 258</ref>  The theme, "Man and His World", was based on the 1939 book entitled ''Terre des Hommes'' (translated as ''[[Wind, Sand and Stars]]'') by [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled ''Terre des Hommes/Man and His World'', she elucidates the theme:

{{quote|In ''Terre des Hommes'', his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars.{{nbsp}}..." In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress.  Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.|Gabrielle Roy<ref>Roy (1967), pp. 20–22</ref>}}

The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:<ref>Roy (1967), Table of contents</ref>
[[File:Habitat 67, Montreal.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Habitat 67]], a housing complex built for Expo 67]]
* '''Du Pont Auditorium of Canada''': The philosophy and scientific content of theme exhibits were presented and emphasized in this 372 seat hall.<ref>Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 38</ref>
* '''[[Habitat 67]]'''
* '''Labyrinth'''
* '''Man and his Health'''
* '''Man in the Community'''
* '''Man the Explorer''': Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
* '''Man the Creator''': The Gallery of Fine Arts;  Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
* '''Man the Producer''': Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
* '''Man the Provider'''

===Construction begins===
[[File:Front of Expo Express train edit.JPG|thumb|Front view of [[Expo Express]] train]]
Construction started on August 13, 1963, with an elaborate ceremony hosted by Mayor Drapeau on barges anchored in the St. Lawrence River.<ref name="Gazette Construction Begins">{{cite news |last=Bantey |first=Bill |title=Pearson Says $50 Million Federal for World Fair: P.M. Calls for Talks to Guarantee Success |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iAwuAAAAIBAJ&pg=6636%2C2028743 |access-date=October 14, 2013 |newspaper=The Gazette |date=August 13, 1963 |location=Montreal}}</ref> Ceremonially, construction began when Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge ''[[Saint Helen's Island|Île Sainte-Hélène]]'',{{refn|group="Note"|Although Île Sainte-Hélène was the main island, and would become the name of islands in the [[archipelago]], the earth-fill was dumped on what was then Île Ronde, site of the future amusement park La Ronde.<ref name="Rice IL Ronde infill">{{cite news |last=Rice |first=Robert |title=Magnitude Noted: P.M. Urges Fair Confab |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xWM_AAAAIBAJ&pg=5012%2C4482154 |access-date=October 14, 2013 |newspaper=The Windsor Star |date=August 13, 1963 |agency=Canadian Press |location=Windsor, Ontario |page=10}}</ref>}} and Quebec premier [[Jean Lesage]] spread the fill with a bulldozer.<ref name="Rice IL Ronde infill" /><ref name="Star Who'll Pay What?">{{cite news |last=Scanlon |first=Joseph |title=Who'll Pay What? World's Fair Still 'Bogged Down' |newspaper=The Toronto Daily Star |date=August 20, 1963 |location=Toronto |page=7}}</ref> Of the 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands, 10–12% was coming from the [[Montreal Metro]]'s excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.<ref>Berton, pp. 260,262</ref> The remainder of the fill came from quarries on Montreal and the South Shore, however even with that it was insufficient and so bodies of water on both islands were added (lakes and canals) to reduce the amount of fill required. Expo's initial construction period mainly centered on enlarging Saint Helen's Island, creating the [[artificial island]] of [[Notre Dame Island|Île Notre-Dame]] and lengthening and enlarging the Mackay Pier which became the [[Cité du Havre]]. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on June 20, 1964.<ref name="p.263" /> This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the [[critical path method]] (CPM).<ref name="cpm">{{cite journal |last=Moore |first=Christopher |title=An EXPO 67 Kaleidoscope: Ten Scenes from Terre Des Hommes |journal=The Beaver: Canada's History Magazine |volume=87 |issue=3 |publisher=History Society of Canada |date=June–July 2007 |url=http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea |access-date=June 6, 2007 |archive-date=May 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524214032/http://www.historysociety.ca/bea.asp?subsection=fea |url-status=dead}}</ref>  On April 28, 1967, opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress.<ref>Berton, p.297-298</ref>

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new [[Pont de la Concorde (Montreal)|Concorde Bridge]] built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the [[Montreal Expo Express]], plus a boat pier, cost more than the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.<ref name="p.263" /> With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the exhibition was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on December 23, 1963.<ref>Berton, p.261</ref>

===Logo===
The [[:File:Expo 67 logo.svg|logo]] was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert.<ref name="Julien Hebert">{{cite news |last=Creery |first=Tim |title='Affront to Parliament' Charged by Diefenbaker |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w-1kAAAAIBAJ&dq=julien%20herbert&pg=1015%2C3343707 |access-date=April 25, 2012 |newspaper=The Edmonton Journal |date=March 18, 1964 |agency=Southam News Service |location=Edmonton, Alberta |page=47}}</ref> The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man.  Two of the symbols (pictograms of "man") are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent "friendship around the world".<ref name="guidebook">Expo 67 Guidebook, p. 29</ref> The logotype uses the lower-case [[Optima]] typeface. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the [[House of Commons of Canada]].<ref name="Julien Hebert" />

===Theme songs===
The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by [[Stéphane Venne]] and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend/Un Jour, Un Jour".<ref name="Un Jour/ Hey Friend">
{{cite news |last=Haig |first=Terry |title=Hey Friend! All That Fanfare Doesn't Make a Hit |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JZUtAAAAIBAJ&dq=hey%20friend%20say%20friend&pg=7216%2C909288 |access-date=April 25, 2012 |newspaper=The Montreal Gazette |date=December 5, 1966 |location=Montreal |page=10}}</ref> Complaints were made about the suitability of the song, as its lyrics mentioned neither Montreal nor Expo 67.<ref name="Un Jour/ Hey Friend" />  The song was selected from an international competition with over 2,200 entries from 35 countries.<ref name="Hey Friend Doris Claman">{{cite news |last=Maitland |first=Alan |title=Centennial Diary: Expo 67 Theme Song 'Hey Friend, Say Friend' |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/society/celebrations/expo-67-montreal-welcomes-the-world/hey-friend-say-friend.html |access-date=April 26, 2012 |newspaper=[[CBC News]] |date=January 2, 1967 |author2=Alec Bollini |location=Montreal}}</ref>

However, the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by [[Bobby Gimby]], a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "[[Canada (1967 song)|Ca-na-da]]".<ref name="Bobby Gimby">{{cite news |title=Stampede Parade Highlight Country's Centennial Theme |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mmNkAAAAIBAJ&dq=bobby%20gimby&pg=2891%2C836865 |access-date=April 25, 2012 |newspaper=The Calgary Herald |date=July 4, 1967 |location=Calgary, Alberta |page=19}}</ref> Gimby earned the name the "[[Pied Piper of Hamelin|Pied Piper]] of Canada".<ref>Berton, pp.30–33</ref>

The theme song "[[Something to Sing About]]", used for the Canadian pavilion, had been written for a 1963 television special.<ref name="Hey Friend Doris Claman" /> The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "[[A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow]]", which has evolved to become an unofficial theme song for the province.<ref name="A Place to Stand">{{cite news |last=Scrivener |first=Leslie |title=Forty Years On, A Song Retains Its Standing |url=https://www.thestar.com/article/205867 |access-date=April 26, 2012 |newspaper=The Toronto Star |date=April 22, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925203428/http://www.thestar.com/article/205867 |archive-date=September 25, 2012 |location=Toronto |page=D4 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Expo opens===
{{Main|Expo 67 opening week}}
Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, April 27, 1967.<ref name="Back to the Future">{{cite video |title=Expo 67: Back to the Future... |medium=DVD Video |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |location=[[Toronto]] |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canadianexperience/expo67/ |date=2004}}</ref> The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations.<ref name=Opening>{{cite news |title=Only 24 Hours Remain for Expo Opening |newspaper=The Toronto Daily Star |date=April 26, 1967 |author=Canadian Press |location=Toronto |page=48}}</ref> Canada's [[Governor General]], [[Roland Michener]], proclaimed the exhibition open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson.<ref name="Pearson Opens Fair">{{cite news |last=Waltz |first=Jay |title=Pearson Lights Expo 67's Flame, And a 'Monument to Man' Is Opened; FAIR'S INAUGURAL ATTENDED BY 7,000 Fireworks and Church Bells Mark Island Ceremonies for World Exhibition |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/04/28/archives/pearson-lights-expo-67s-flame-and-a-monument-to-man-is-opened-fairs.html |access-date=April 26, 2012 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 28, 1967 |location=New York |page=1}}</ref> On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state.<ref name="Pearson Opens Fair" /> Over 1,000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in [[NTSC#Technical details|NTSC]] Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700 million viewers and listeners.{{refn|group="Note"|During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter [[Lloyd Robertson]] mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.<ref name="Back to the Future" />}}

Expo 67 opened to the public on the morning of Friday, April 28, 1967, with a [[space age]]-style countdown.<ref name=Countdown>{{cite news |title=The Little Guy Takes Over Expo – 120,000 Of Them |newspaper=The Toronto Daily Star |date=April 28, 1967 |author=Expo Bureau |location=Toronto |page=1}}</ref> A capacity crowd at Place d'Accueil participated in the atomic clock-controlled countdown that ended when the exhibition opened precisely at 9:30&nbsp;a.m. EST.<ref name=Countdown /> An estimated crowd of between 310,000 and 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the expected crowd of 200,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Computer Muffs: Busy Weekend Seen for Montreal's Fair |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Fg8zAAAAIBAJ&dq=expo%2067%20opening&pg=1943%2C3629387 |access-date=April 26, 2012 |newspaper=Spokane Daily Chronicle |date=April 29, 1967 |author=American Press |location=Spokane, Washington |page=2}}</ref> The first person through the Expo gates at ''Place d'Accueil'' was Al Carter, a 41-year-old jazz drummer from [[Chicago]], who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.<ref name="Al Carter first">{{cite news |title=310,00 On Expo's First Day |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PUQ_AAAAIBAJ&pg=5501%2C541738 |access-date=April 26, 2012 |newspaper=The Windsor Star |date=April 29, 1967 |author=Canadian Press |location=Windsor, Ontario |page=1}}</ref> Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.<ref>Berton, pp. 272–273</ref>

[[File:Ed Sullivan-Supremes-The Happening.jpg|thumb|[[The Supremes]] (L to R: [[Florence Ballard]], [[Mary Wilson (singer)|Mary Wilson]], and [[Diana Ross]]) performing "[[The Happening (song)|The Happening]]", broadcast live from Expo 67 on ''The Ed Sullivan Show'' on Sunday, May 7, 1967]]

On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion.<ref>Berton, p. 272</ref> The dresses had been designed to the then-new [[miniskirt]] style, popularized a year earlier by [[Mary Quant]].<ref name="Gazette Miniskirt">{{cite news |title=Oh Those Uniforms: From Lamé to Miniskirt |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Tu4tAAAAIBAJ&pg=7160%2C6974114 |access-date=April 25, 2012 |newspaper=The Montreal Gazette |date=April 28, 1967 |location=Montreal |page=B-19}}</ref>
[[File:Elizabeth II and Lester B. Pearson at Expo 67 (3626383).jpg|thumb|Queen [[Elizabeth II]] and Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] on the minirail at Expo 67, July 3, 1967.]]
In conjunction with the opening of Expo 67, the Canadian [[Canada Post|Post Office Department]] issued a 5¢ stamp commemorating the fair, designed by Harvey Thomas Prosser.<ref>{{cite web |title=Expo 67 |url=http://data4.collectionscanada.gc.ca/netacgi/nph-brs?s1=(artist.A790,C790.)+Or+(null.B742.)&l=50&d=STMP&p=1&u=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/archivianet/02011702_e.html&r=15&f=G&Sect1=STMP |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130101032603/http://data4.collectionscanada.gc.ca/netacgi/nph-brs?s1=(artist.A790,C790.)+Or+(null.B742.)&l=50&d=STMP&p=1&u=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/archivianet/02011702_e.html&r=15&f=G&Sect1=STMP |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 1, 2013 |work=Canadian Postal Archives Database |publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]] |access-date=October 25, 2012}}</ref>

===Entertainment, Ed Sullivan Show, and VIPs===
The World Festival of Art and Entertainment at Expo 67 featured art galleries, opera, ballet and theatre companies, orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.<ref name="3-CU-2">{{cite press release |title=Expovoyages |publisher=Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition |date=August 15, 1966 |url=http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html |access-date=June 14, 2007 |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930170904/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/expo/fullscreen/e001096923_e.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many pavilions had music and performance stages, where visitors could find free concerts and shows, including the [[Ukrainian Shumka Dancers]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archivesdemontreal.com/2017/08/04/expo-67-au-jour-le-jour-aout/ |title=Expo 67 Au Jour Le Jour : Août {{!}} Archives De Montréal |website=archivesdemontreal.com |access-date=June 4, 2019}}</ref> [[Micheline Legendre]] organized Canada's first [[puppetry]] festival in conjunction with the Expo.<ref name=canmushist>{{Cite web |title=Micheline Legendre |url=https://theatre.historymuseum.ca/narratives/details.php?lvl2=4810&lvl3=4817&lvl4=5319&language=english |access-date=January 16, 2021 |publisher=[[Canadian Museum of History]] |archive-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116045312/https://theatre.museedelhistoire.ca/narratives/details.php?lvl2=4810&lvl3=4817&lvl4=5319&language=qlisqdjwocj |url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the featured entertainment took place in the following venues: [[Place des Arts]], Expo Theatre, Place des Nations, [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]], and [[Autostade|Automotive Stadium]].<ref name="3-CU-2" />

The [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde amusement park]] was always intended to be a lasting legacy of the fair.  Most of its rides and booths were permanent. When the Expo fairgrounds closed nightly, at around 10:00&nbsp;p.m., visitors could still visit La Ronde, which closed at 2:30&nbsp;a.m.<ref name="3-CU-2" />

In addition, ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' was broadcast live on May 7 and 21 from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's [[the Supremes]], Britain's [[Petula Clark]] and Australia's [[the Seekers]].<ref>''Back to the Future'', clips from the Ed Sullivan show.</ref>

Another attraction was the [[Canadian Armed Forces Tattoo 1967]] at the [[Autostade]] in Montreal.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=863&dat=19670622&id=fBUuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vCoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2216,6684063 "The Canadian Armed Forces Tattoo"] The News and Eastern Townships Advocate , June 22, 1967.</ref>

The fair was visited by many of the most notable people at the time, including [[Monarchy of Canada|Canada's monarch]], Queen [[Elizabeth II]], [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace]] of Monaco, [[Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Robert F. Kennedy]], [[Ethiopia]]'s emperor [[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie]], [[Charles de Gaulle]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] and [[Marlene Dietrich]].<ref name="Special Guests">{{cite web |title=Special Guests |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/expo/05330204_e.html |work=Expo 67: Man and His World |publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]] |access-date=April 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314130919/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/expo/05330204_e.html |archive-date=March 14, 2012 |location=Ottawa |year=2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Musicians like [[Thelonious Monk]], [[Grateful Dead]], [[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]], [[the Tokens]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]] entertained the crowds.<ref name="Special Guests" /><ref name="Grateful Dead and the rest">{{cite news |title=1967 Our Summer of Love |url=http://www.canada.com/story_print.html?id=823556a4-3299-42ec-a52e-844f6838df32&sponsor= |access-date=April 26, 2012 |newspaper=The Gazette |date=April 28, 2007 |agency=CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828013712/http://www.canada.com/story_print.html?id=823556a4-3299-42ec-a52e-844f6838df32&sponsor= |archive-date=August 28, 2012 |location=Montreal |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Problems===
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg|thumb|left|French President [[Charles De Gaulle]] attracted a crowd at Expo 67 on July 25, 1967.]] -->
Despite its successes, there were problems: [[Front de libération du Québec]] militants had threatened to disrupt the exhibition, but were inactive during this period. Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s visit became a focus of war protesters. Threats that the Cuba pavilion would be destroyed by anti-Castro forces were not carried out.<ref name="Jackman">{{cite news |last=Jackman |first=Peter |title=Expo – It's All Over After 185 Days, 50 Million Visitors |work=The Ottawa Journal |date=October 30, 1967}}</ref> In June, the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]]  in the [[Middle East]] flared up again in the [[Six-Day War]], which resulted in [[Kuwait]] pulling out of the fair in protest to the way Western nations dealt with the war.<ref name="Jackman" /> The president of France, [[Charles De Gaulle]], caused an international incident on July 24 when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the words ''"Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec... [[Vive le Québec libre speech|Vive le Québec Libre!]]"'' <ref name="Pearson's Response" />

In September, the most serious problem turned out to be a 30-day transit strike. By the end of July, estimates predicted that Expo would exceed 60 million visitors, but the strike cut deeply into attendance and revenue figures, just as the fair was cruising to its conclusion.<ref name="Jackman" /> Another major problem, beyond the control of Expo's management, was guest accommodation and lodging. Logexpo was created to direct visitors to accommodations in the Montreal area, which usually meant that visitors would stay at the homes of people they were unfamiliar with, rather than traditional hotels or motels. The Montreal populace opened their homes to thousands of guests. Unfortunately for some visitors, they were sometimes sent to less than respectable establishments where operators took full advantage of the tourist trade. Management of Logexpo was refused to Expo and was managed by a Quebec provincial authority. Still, Expo would get most of the blame for directing visitors to these establishments.  But overall, a visit to Expo from outside Montreal was still seen as a bargain.<ref name="Jackman" />

===Expo ends===
[[File:Montréal Expo 67 Site Map.png|thumb|Site map of Expo 67, highlighting 20 of the 90 pavilions]]

Expo 67 closed on Sunday afternoon, October 29, 1967. The fair had been scheduled to close two days earlier, however a two-day extension granted by the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE) allowed it to continue over the weekend. On the final day 221,554 visitors added to the more than 50 million (54,991,806<ref name="expo-67.ca">{{Cite web |url=https://expo-67.ca/en/the-film/ |title=The Film}}</ref>) that attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a per-capita record for World Exhibition attendance that still stands.<ref name="BIE">{{cite web |title=Exhibitions Information (1931–2005) |work=Previous Exhibitions |publisher=[[Bureau International des Expositions]] |url=http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140 |access-date=June 4, 2007 |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927203740/http://www.bie-paris.org/main/index.php?p=-92&m2=140 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Starting at 2:00&nbsp;p.m., Expo Commissioner General Pierre Dupuy officiated over the medal ceremony, in which participating nations and organizations received gold and silver medallions, and over the ceremony in which national flags were lowered in the reverse order to which they had been raised, with Canada's flag lowered first and [[Nigeria]]'s lowered last.<ref name="Jackman" /> After Prime Minister Pearson doused the Expo flame, Governor General [[Roland Michener]] closed Expo at Place des Nations with the mournful spontaneous farewell: "It is with great regret that I declare that the Universal and International Exhibition of 1967 has come to an official end."<ref name="Jackman" /> All rides and the [[minirail]] were shut down by 3:50&nbsp;p.m., and the Expo grounds closed at 4:00&nbsp;p.m., with the last [[Montreal Expo Express|Expo Express train]] leaving for ''Place d'Accueil'' at that time.<ref name="Jackman" />  A fireworks display, that went on for an hour, was Expo's concluding event.<ref name="Jackman" />

Expo performed better financially than expected.  Expo was intended to have a deficit, shared between the federal, provincial and municipal levels of government.  Significantly better-than-expected attendance revenue reduced the debt to well below the original estimates.  The final financial statistics, in 1967 Canadian dollars, were: revenues of $221,239,872, costs of $431,904,683, and a deficit of $210,664,811.<ref name="BIE" />