Editing Evil clown (section)

==Origins==
[[File:Enrico Caruso As Canio.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Enrico Caruso]] as the murderous Canio in ''[[Pagliacci]]'']]
The modern archetype of the evil clown has unclear origins; the stock character appeared infrequently during the 19th century, in such works as [[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s "[[Hop-Frog]]",<ref name="hopfrog">[[s:Hop-Frog|Poe, Edgar Allan, "Hop-Frog" (1849)]]</ref> which is believed by Jack Morgan, of the [[University of Missouri-Rolla]], to draw upon an [[Bal des Ardents|earlier incident]] "at a masquerade ball", in the 14th century, during which "the King and his frivolous party, costumed—in highly flammable materials—as simian creatures, were ignited by a flambeau and incinerated, the King narrowly escaping in the actual case."<ref>{{cite book|last=Morgan|first=Jack|title=The biology of horror: gothic literature and film|year=2002|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|location=Carbondale|isbn=978-0809324712|pages=41–42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yk-0SmCIZ_kC}}</ref> Evil clowns also occupied a small niche in drama, appearing in the 1874 work ''La femme de Tabarin'' by Catulle Mendès and in [[Ruggero Leoncavallo]]'s ''[[Pagliacci]]'' (accused of being a plagiarism of Mendès' piece), both works featuring murderous clowns as central characters.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mendès|first=Catulle|title=La femme de Tabarin: Tragi-parade|year=1904|publisher=Librairie Charpentier et Fasquelle |pages=1–34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUcESQAACAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dryden|first=Konrad|title=Leoncavallo: Life and Works|year=2007|publisher=The Scarecrow Press|location=Plymouth, UK|isbn=978-0-8108-5880-0|url=https://archive.org/details/leoncavallo00domi}}</ref>
American [[serial killer]] and [[rape|rapist]] [[John Wayne Gacy]] became known as the ''Killer Clown'' when arrested in 1978, after it was discovered he had performed as Pogo the Clown at children's parties and other events; however, Gacy did not actually commit his crimes while wearing his clown costume.<ref name="gacy">{{cite book |first1=Terry |last1=Sullivan |first2=Peter T. |last2=Maiken |title=Killer Clown: The John Wayne Gacy Murders| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u71s2gNZqJoC | publisher=[[Kensington Books#Imprints|Pinnacle]] | location=[[New York City]] | year=2000 | isbn= 0-7860-1422-9| oclc = 156783287}}</ref> During the 1980s, the ''[[National Lampoon (magazine)|National Lampoon]]'' published a series of mock comic books in the pages of the magazine, entitled "Evil Clown", which featured a malevolent character named [[Frenchy the Clown]].

Evil clown themes were occasionally found in popular music. [[Zal Cleminson]], guitarist with the English rock band [[The Sensational Alex Harvey Band]], wore black and white clown-style makeup and colorful clothes while on stage during the band's 1970s heyday, while his "happy-sad-happy" demeanor helped give their performances an edge of menace.<ref>Thomas M. Kitts and Nick Baxter-Moore (eds.) The Routledge Companion to Popular Music and Humor, Chapter 6. 2019, Routledge {{ISBN|9781351266628}}</ref>

The evil clown archetype plays strongly off the sense of dislike it caused to inherent elements of coulrophobia; however, it has been suggested by Joseph Durwin<ref name="trickster">{{cite journal | last=Durwin| first=Joseph| title=Coulrophobia and the Trickster| journal=Trickster's Way| volume=3| issue=1| id=Article 4| publisher=Trinity University| location=San Antonio| date=15 November 2004| url=http://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1080&context=trickstersway&sei-redir=1| issn=1538-9030| access-date=2 January 2013}}
</ref> that the concept of evil clowns has an independent position in popular culture, arguing that "the concept of evil clowns and the widespread hostility it induces is a cultural phenomenon which transcends just the phobia alone". A study by the [[University of Sheffield]] concluded "that clowns are universally disliked by children. Some found them quite frightening and unknowable."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7189401.stm |title=Health &#124; Hospital clown images 'too scary' |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=15 January 2008 |access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Why scary">{{cite news |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=16 January 2008|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7191721.stm|title=Why are clowns scary?|first=Finlo|last=Rohrer}}</ref> This may be because of the nature of clowns' makeup hiding their faces, making them potential threats in disguise; as a psychology professor at [[California State University, Northridge]] stated, young children are "very reactive to a familiar body type with an unfamiliar face".<ref name="trinity"/> This natural dislike of clowns makes them effective in a literary or fictional context, as the antagonistic threat perceived in clowns is desirable in a villainous character.

Researcher [[Ben Radford]], who published ''Bad Clowns''<ref name="Bad Clowns"/> in 2016 and is regarded as an expert on the phenomenon,<ref name="kob4">{{cite web|last1=Shone|first1=Colton|title=Recent scary clown trend nothing new, expert said|url=http://www.kob.com/albuquerque-news/recent-scary-clown-trend-nothing-new-expert-benjamin-radford-bad-clowns-author-book-creepy/4291893/?cat=500|website=KOB 4|access-date=20 October 2016|author-link=Ben Radford|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018190315/http://www.kob.com/albuquerque-news/recent-scary-clown-trend-nothing-new-expert-benjamin-radford-bad-clowns-author-book-creepy/4291893/?cat=500|archive-date=18 October 2016}}</ref> writes that looking throughout history clowns are seen as tricksters, fools, and more; however, they always are in control, speak their minds, and can get away with doing so. When writing the book ''Bad Clowns'', Radford found that professional clowns are not generally fond of the bad-clown (or evil-clown) persona. They see them as "the rotten apple in the barrel, whose ugly sight and smell casts suspicion on the rest of them," and do not wish to encourage or propagate coulrophobia. Yet, as Radford discovered, bad clowns have existed throughout history: [[Harlequin]], the King's fool, and Mr. Punch. Radford argues that bad clowns have the "ability to change with the times" and that modern bad clowns have evolved into Internet trolls. They may not wear clown costume but, nevertheless, engage with people for their own amusement, abuse, tease and speak what they think of as the "truth" much like the court jester and "dip clowns" do using "human foibles" against their victims. Radford states that, although bad clowns permeate the media in movies, TV, music, comics, and more, the "good clowns" outnumber the bad ones. Research shows that most people do not fear clowns but actually love them and that bad clowns are "the exception, not the rule."<ref name="Bad Clowns">{{cite book|last1=Radford|first1=Ben|author-link=Ben Radford|title=Bad Clowns|date=2016|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque|isbn=978-0-8263-5666-6}}</ref>