Editing Euphonium (section)

== Name ==

The euphonium is a member of the large and diverse family of valved bugles, and thus has many relatives among the low brass. The ''[[baritone horn]]'', although similar, has a narrower conical bore, smaller bell, and usually lacks a fourth valve.<ref name="Grove"/> In the US, band scores and even some manufacturers have sometimes treated them as the same instrument, or used the word "baritone" to refer to the euphonium.{{sfn|Bevan|2000|pp=266-268}} As with the cornet and flugelhorn, the two instruments are easily doubled by one player, with some modification of breath and [[embouchure]], since the two have identical range and essentially identical fingering.<ref name="DW">{{cite web| last = Werden| first = David| title = Euphonium, Baritone, or ???| url = http://www.dwerden.com/eu-articles-bareuph.cfm| access-date = 2008-01-29| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080212225121/http://www.dwerden.com/eu-articles-bareuph.cfm| archive-date = 12 February 2008}}</ref>

German inventor Ferdinand Sommer's original name for the instrument was the ''Sommerophone'', but it quickly became known as the ''euphonion''.<ref name="Grove">{{Cite Grove |last=Bevan |first=Clifford |author-link=Clifford Bevan |title=Euphonium |id=09077}}</ref> It is sometimes called the ''tenor tuba'', notably in ''[[The Planets]]'' (1917) by English composer [[Gustav Holst]], although this can also refer to other [[Tuba#Types and construction|varieties of tuba]]. Names in other languages, as included in scores, can be ambiguous as well. They include French ''basse'', ''saxhorn basse'', and ''tuba basse''; German ''Baryton'', ''Tenorbass'', and ''Tenorbasshorn''; Italian ''baritono'', ''bombardino'', ''eufonio'', and ''flicorno basso''.<ref name="Grove"/> The most common German name, ''Baryton'', may have influenced Americans to adopt the name "baritone" for the instrument, due to the influx of German musicians to the United States in the nineteenth century.<ref name="Grove" />

[[File:Yamaha Euphonium YEP-211.tif|thumb|Yamaha bell-forward euphonium, suitable for marching bands]]
Late 19th century American instrument catalogs often listed a euphonium-like instrument as the ''B♭ bass''. The 1894 catalog from [[Lyon & Healy]] depicts it alongside ''B♭ tenor'' and ''B♭ baritone'' instruments of the same pitch and construction, differing only in bore and bell width, and the larger E♭ and BB♭ basses; all with three valves.<ref>{{cite book |title=Lyon & Healy's Band Catalogue |edition=35 |date=1894 |publisher=[[Lyon & Healy]] |pages=39-41 |url= http://www.horn-u-copia.net/books/L&H-1894.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120407064700/http://www.horn-u-copia.net/books/L%26H-1894.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |via=Horn-U-Copia }}</ref> Along the same lines, [[Drum and bugle corps (modern)|drum and bugle corps]] in the 1950s introduced a wider-bore version of the baritone or ''baro-tone'' bugle called the ''bass-baritone'' bugle, which eventually replaced it.

The ''American baritone'', featuring three valves on the front of the instrument, a hybrid conical-cylindrical bore, and a curved forward-pointing bell, was dominant in American school bands throughout most of the 20th century. As a [[marching instrument]], its weight, shape, and configuration conform to the needs of [[marching band]]s. Along with similar-looking [[cylindrical bore]] instruments like the ''[[trombonium]]'', it was almost universally labelled a "baritone" by both band directors and composers, thus contributing to the confusion of terminology in the United States.{{sfn|Bevan|2000|p=222}}