Editing Eugene, Oregon (section)

==History==
===Indigenous history===

The first people to settle in the Eugene area were the [[Kalapuya]]ns, also written Calapooia or Calapooya. They made "seasonal rounds," moving around the countryside to collect and preserve local foods, including acorns, the bulbs of the [[Sagittaria latifolia|wapato]] and [[Camassia|camas]] plants, and berries. They stored these foods in their permanent winter village. When crop activities waned, they returned to their winter villages and took up hunting, fishing, and trading.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ndnhistoryresearch.wordpress.com/2016/11/08/kalapuyans-seasonal-lifeways-tek-anthropolocene/ |title=Kalapuyans: Seasonal Lifeways, Tek, Anthropocene |date=November 8, 2016 |website=NDN History Research: Critical and Indigenous Anthropology |last1=Lewis, Ph.D |first1=David G. |access-date=December 28, 2016 |archive-date=April 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405172459/https://ndnhistoryresearch.wordpress.com/2016/11/08/kalapuyans-seasonal-lifeways-tek-anthropolocene/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The First Oregonians |date=2007 |publisher=Oregon Council for the Humanities |isbn=9781880377024 |edition=2nd |location=Portland, Oregon |pages=307–315 |last1=Berg |first1=Laura}}</ref> They were known as the Chifin Kalapuyans and called the Eugene area where they lived "Chifin", sometimes recorded as "Chafin" or "Chiffin".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ndnhistoryresearch.wordpress.com/2016/05/23/chafin-band-reservation-and-village-1855/ |title=Chafin Band Reservation and Village 1855 |date=May 23, 2016 |website=NDN History Research: Critical and Indigenous Anthropology |last1=Lewis, Ph.D. |first1=David G. |access-date=December 28, 2016 |archive-date=April 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405172422/https://ndnhistoryresearch.wordpress.com/2016/05/23/chafin-band-reservation-and-village-1855/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.springfield.k12.or.us/Page/738 |title=Chifin Native Youth Center |website=Springfield Public Schools |publisher=Springfield, Oregon, Public Schools |access-date=December 28, 2016 |archive-date=August 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825073907/https://www.springfield.k12.or.us/Page/738 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Other Kalapuyan tribes occupied villages that are also now within Eugene city limits. Pee-you or Mohawk Calapooians, Winefelly or Pleasant Hill Calapooians, and the Lungtum or Long Tom. They were close-neighbors to the Chifin, intermarried, and were political allies. Some authorities suggest the Brownsville Kalapuyans (Calapooia Kalapuyans) were related to the Pee-you. It is likely that since the Santiam had an alliance with the Brownsville Kalapuyans that the Santiam influence also went as far at Eugene.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ndnhistoryresearch.wordpress.com/2014/12/08/chifin-kalapuya-village/ |title=Chifin Kalapuya Village |last=Lewis, Ph.D. |first=David G. |date=December 8, 2014 |website=NDN History Research: Critical and Indigenous Anthropology |access-date=March 8, 2017 |archive-date=April 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405172505/https://ndnhistoryresearch.wordpress.com/2014/12/08/chifin-kalapuya-village/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to archeological evidence, the ancestors of the Kalapuyans may have been in Eugene for as long as 10,000 years.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Kalapuyans: A Sourcebook on the Indians of the Willamette Valley |last=Mackey, Ph.D. |first=Harold |publisher=Mission Mill Museum Association, Inc.and the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde |year=2004 |isbn=9780975348406 |location=Salem, Oregon, and Grand Ronde, Oregon |pages=1–2}}</ref> In the 1800s their traditional way of life faced significant changes due to devastating epidemics and settlement, first by French fur traders and later by an overwhelming number of American settlers.<ref>{{Cite book |title=At the Hearth of Crossed Races: A French Indian Community in Nineteenth-Century Oregon, 1812-1859 |last=Jette |first=Melinda Marie |publisher=Oregon State University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9780870715976 |location=Corvallis, Oregon}}</ref>

===Settlement and impact===
[[North American fur trade|French fur traders]] had settled seasonally in the Willamette Valley by the beginning of the 19th century. Their settlements were concentrated in the "French Prairie" community in Northern Marion County but may have extended south to the Eugene area. Having already developed relationships with Native communities through intermarriage and trade, they negotiated for land from the Kalapuyans. By 1828 to 1830 they and their Native wives began year-round occupation of the land, raising crops and tending animals. In this process, the mixed race families began to impact Native access to land, food supply, and traditional materials for trade and religious practices.<ref>{{Cite book |title=At the Hearth of Crossed Races: A French Indian Community in Nineteenth Century Oregon, 1812-1859 |last=Jette |first=Melinda Marie |publisher=Oregon State University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9780870715976 |location=Corvallis, Oregon |pages=12–61, p. 147}}</ref>

In July 1830, "intermittent fever" struck the lower Columbia region and a year later, the Willamette Valley. Natives traced the arrival of the disease, then new to the [[Pacific Northwest]], to the ''USS Owyhee'', captained by John Dominis. "Intermittent fever" is thought by researchers now to be [[malaria]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=At the Hearth of Crossed Races: A French Indian Community in Nineteenth Century Oregon, 1812-1859 |last=Jette |first=Melinda Marie |publisher=Oregon State University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9780870715976 |location=Corvallis, Oregon |pages=61–69}}</ref> According to Robert T. Boyd, an anthropologist at Portland State University, the first three years of the epidemic, "probably constitute the single most important epidemiological event in the recorded history of what would eventually become the state of Oregon". In his book ''The Coming of the Spirit Pestilence'' Boyd reports there was a 92% population loss for the Kalapuyans between 1830 and 1841.<ref>{{Cite book |title=At the Hearth of Crossed Races: A French Indian Community in Nineteenth Century Oregon, 1812-1859 |last=Jette |first=Melinda Marie |publisher=Oregon State University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9780870715976 |location=Corvallis, Oregon |pages=65–67}}</ref> This catastrophic event shattered the social fabric of Kalapuyan society and altered the demographic balance in the Valley. This balance was further altered over the next few years by the arrival of Anglo-American settlers, beginning in 1840 with 13 people and growing steadily each year until within 20 years more than 11,000 American settlers, including Eugene Skinner, had arrived.<ref>{{Cite book |title=At the Hearth of Crossed Races: A French Indian Community in Nineteenth Century Oregon, 1812-1859 |last=Jette |first=Melinda Marie |publisher=Oregon State University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9780870715976 |location=Corvallis, Oregon |page=139}}</ref>

As the demographic pressure from the settlers grew, the remaining Kalapuyans were forcibly removed to [[Indian reservation]]s. Though some Natives avoided transfer into the reservation, most were moved to the [[Grand Ronde Community|Grand Ronde reservation]] in 1856.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest |last=Ruby |first=Robert, MD, John A. Brown, Cary C. Collins |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2010 |isbn=9780806140247 |location=Norman, Oklahoma |page=14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The First Oregonians, Second Edition |last=Berg |first=Laura |publisher=Oregon Council for the Humanities |year=2007 |isbn=9781880377024 |location=Portland, Oregon |page=127}}</ref> Strict racial segregation was enforced and mixed race people, known as [[North American fur trade#Métis people|Métis]] in French, had to make a choice between the reservation and Anglo-American society. Native Americans could not leave the reservation without traveling papers and white people could not enter the reservation.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The First Oregonians, Second Edition |last=Berg |first=Laura |publisher=Oregon Council for the Humanities |year=2007 |isbn=9781880377024 |location=Portland, Oregon |page=126}}</ref>
[[File:Skinner Cabin Plaque.jpg|thumb|Replica of Skinner's original cabin]]
[[Eugene Skinner|Eugene Franklin Skinner]], after whom Eugene is named, arrived in the [[Willamette Valley]] in 1846 with 1,200 other settlers that year. Advised by the Kalapuyans to build on high ground to avoid flooding, he erected the first pioneer cabin<ref>{{cite web |last=Skinner |first=Eugene |date=2009 |title=Photo and text - Eugene Skinner |url=http://lanecounty.pastperfect-online.com/33692cgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=E0430570-95FD-4021-A07A-488130455136;type=102 |access-date=March 11, 2017 |website=Lane County Historical Society |archive-date=April 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405171119/http://lanecounty.pastperfect-online.com/33692cgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=E0430570-95FD-4021-A07A-488130455136;type=102 |url-status=live }}</ref> on south or west slope of what the Kalapuyans called Ya-po-ah. The "isolated hill" is now known as [[Skinner Butte|Skinner's Butte]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zenk |first=Henry |year=2008 |title=Notes on Native American Place-names of the Willamette Valley Region |journal=Oregon Historical Quarterly |volume=109 |pages=6–33 |doi=10.1353/ohq.2008.0092 |s2cid=165355383}}</ref> The cabin was used as a [[trading post]] and was registered as an official post office on January 8, 1850.<ref>{{cite web |title=Movers and Shakers, Part 1 |url=http://www.eugenemasoniccemetery.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/02/movers_shakers.pdf |access-date=November 13, 2021 |website=eugenemasoniccemetery.org/ |archive-date=November 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114011910/http://www.eugenemasoniccemetery.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/02/movers_shakers.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

At this time the settlement was known by settlers as Skinner's Mudhole. It was relocated in 1853 and named Eugene City in 1853.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Eugene, Oregon, United States |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Eugene-Oregon |access-date=March 11, 2017 |website=www.britannica.com |archive-date=March 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306044800/https://www.britannica.com/place/Eugene-Oregon |url-status=live }}</ref> Formally incorporated as a city in 1862, it was renamed to Eugene in 1889.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Terry |first=John |date=September 4, 2010 |title=Founder's wife suggests unique name for city of Eugene |work=The Oregonian |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/O/index.ssf/2010/09/founders_wife_suggests_unique.html |access-date=March 11, 2017 |archive-date=July 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708024656/http://www.oregonlive.com/O/index.ssf/2010/09/founders_wife_suggests_unique.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Skinner ran a ferry service across the [[Willamette River]] where the [[Ferry Street Bridge (Eugene, Oregon)|Ferry Street Bridge]] now stands.

=== Educational institutions ===

The first major educational institution in the area was [[Columbia College (Oregon)|Columbia College]], founded a few years earlier than the University of Oregon. It fell victim to two major fires in four years, and after the second fire, the college decided not to rebuild again.<ref name="ohq 1955">{{cite journal |last=Morrison |first=Perry D. |date=December 1955 |title=Columbia College 1856-60 |journal=Oregon Historical Quarterly |publisher=Oregon Historical Society |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=326–351 |jstor=20612220}}</ref> The part of south Eugene known as College Hill was the former location of Columbia College. There is no college there today.<ref name="Survey">[http://02c9d6e.netsolhost.com/archive_docs/history_college_hill.html College Hill Neighborhood and History.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803054747/http://02c9d6e.netsolhost.com/archive_docs/history_college_hill.html |date=August 3, 2017 }} College Hill Cultural Resource Survey (1988).</ref>

The town raised the initial funding to start a public university, which later became the [[University of Oregon]], with the hope of turning the small town into a center of learning. In 1872, the [[Oregon Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] passed a bill creating the University of Oregon as a state institution. Eugene bested the nearby town of [[Albany, Oregon|Albany]] in the competition for the state university. In 1873, community member [[James Henry Dickey Henderson|J.H.D. Henderson]] donated the hilltop land for the campus, overlooking the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/terryrichard/2012/11/university_of_oregon_history_i.html |title=University of Oregon history in a nutshell, from campus historian |last1=Richard |first1=Terry |last2=O'Neal |first2=Jennifer |date=November 10, 2012 |website=oregonlive |language=en |access-date=September 19, 2019 |archive-date=December 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205062140/https://www.oregonlive.com/terryrichard/2012/11/university_of_oregon_history_i.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The university first opened in 1876 with the regents electing the first faculty and naming John Wesley Johnson as president. The first students registered on October 16, 1876. The first building was completed in 1877; it was named Deady Hall in honor of the first Board of Regents President and community leader Judge [[Matthew Deady|Matthew P. Deady]].<ref name="uo">[http://libweb.uoregon.edu/guides/architecture/oregon/deady.html Deady Hall: Architecture of the University of Oregon.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418161242/http://libweb.uoregon.edu/guides/architecture/oregon/deady.html |date=April 18, 2007 }} University of Oregon Libraries. Retrieved on January 21, 2008.</ref>

Other universities in Eugene include [[Bushnell University]] and [[New Hope Christian College]].

=== Twentieth century ===
[[File:Oregon - Eugene - NARA - 68147382 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Downtown Eugene in 1925]]
Eugene grew rapidly throughout most of the twentieth century, with the exception being the early 1980s when a downturn in the timber industry caused high unemployment. By 1985, the industry had recovered and Eugene began to attract more high-tech industries, earning it the moniker the "Emerald Shire". In 2012, Eugene and the surrounding metro area was dubbed the [[Silicon shire]].

The first Nike shoe was used in 1972 during the US Olympic trials held in Eugene.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/athletics/inside-niketown-how-eugene-oregon-became-the-centre-of-the-latest-athletics-controversy-a6774861.html |title=How 'Niketown' became the centre of the latest athletics controversy |date=December 15, 2015 |website=The Independent |language=en |access-date=April 19, 2020 |archive-date=June 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605075018/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/athletics/inside-niketown-how-eugene-oregon-became-the-centre-of-the-latest-athletics-controversy-a6774861.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Activism ===
{{Main|Community activism in Eugene, Oregon}}
The 1970s saw an increase in community activism. Local activists stopped a proposed freeway and lobbied for the construction of the [[Washington Jefferson Park]] beneath the Washington-Jefferson Street Bridge. Community Councils soon began to form as a result of these efforts.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 3, 1978 |title=Tiny Neighborhood Fights For Its Life |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gq5VAAAAIBAJ&pg=4899,579812&dq |access-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718193921/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gq5VAAAAIBAJ&pg=4899,579812&dq |url-status=live }}</ref> A notable impact of the turn to community-organized politics came with [[Eugene Local Measure 51]], a ballot measure in 1978 that repealed a gay rights ordinance approved by the Eugene City Council in 1977 that prohibited discrimination by sexual orientation. Eugene is also home to [[Beyond Toxics]], a nonprofit environmental justice organization founded in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beyond Toxics {{!}} Eugene, OR {{!}} Cause IQ |url=https://www.causeiq.com/organizations/beyond-toxics,931294227/ |access-date=January 22, 2022 |website=www.causeiq.com |archive-date=January 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122024752/https://www.causeiq.com/organizations/beyond-toxics,931294227/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

One hotspot for protest activity since the 1990s has been the [[Whiteaker, Eugene, Oregon|Whiteaker]] district, located in the northwest of downtown Eugene. The Whiteaker is primarily a [[working-class]] neighborhood that has become a cultural hub, center of community and activism and home to alternative artists. It saw an increase of activity in the 1990s after many young people drawn to Eugene's political climate relocated there.<ref name="harpers.org">{{cite magazine |date=May 5, 2000 |title=Notes from Underground: Among the radicals of the Pacific Northwest |magazine=Harper's Magazine |volume=May 2000 |url=https://harpers.org/archive/2000/05/notes-from-underground/ |access-date=July 18, 2020 |last1=Samuels |first1=David |archive-date=July 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719121253/https://harpers.org/archive/2000/05/notes-from-underground/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Animal rights groups have had a heavy presence in the Whiteaker, and several [[vegan]] restaurants are located there. According to [[David Samuels (writer)|David Samuels]], the [[Animal Liberation Front]] and the [[Earth Liberation Front]] have had an underground presence in the neighborhood.<ref name="harpers">{{cite news |last=Samuels |first=David |author-link=David Samuels (writer) |date=May 2000 |title=Notes from underground: Among the radicals of the Pacific Northwest |pages=35–47 |newspaper=Harpers}}</ref> The neighborhood is home to a number of communal apartment buildings, which are often organized by anarchist or environmentalist groups. Local activists have also produced independent films and started art galleries, community gardens, and independent media outlets. [[Copwatch]], [[Food Not Bombs]], and [[Critical Mass (cycling)|Critical Mass]] are also active in the neighborhood.<ref name="ew">{{cite news |last=Abraham |first=Kera |date=November 9, 2006 |title=Flames of Dissent |newspaper=Eugene Weekly |url=http://www.eugeneweekly.com/2006/11/09/news1.html |access-date=November 15, 2011 |archive-date=February 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209061339/http://www.eugeneweekly.com/2006/11/09/news1.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Student encampment at the University of Oregon.jpg|thumb|The University of Oregon encampment on May 1, 2024]]
The 21st century has seen continued environmental and social justice activism. In 2011, the [[Occupy Eugene]] protests from October to December occurred in connection with the [[Occupy Wall Street]] movement, and these local protests included around 2000 participants.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=The Oregonian News |date=2011-10-15 |title='Occupy Eugene' march planned Saturday afternoon |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/2011/10/occupy_eugene_march_planned_sa.html |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=oregonlive |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, George Floyd protests occurred in May and June, including peaceful demonstrations and riots. These protests in connection with the nationwide [[2020 George Floyd protests]] resulted in increased consciousness towards Eugene's black history and race issues and resulted in the renaming of [[University Hall (University of Oregon)|University Hall]] and the toppling of the Pioneer and Pioneer mother statues at the University of Oregon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=News |date=2020-05-29 |title=March in Eugene to protest George Floyd death takes destructive turn |url=https://kval.com/news/local/people-march-chant-in-streets-of-downtown-eugene-to-protest-george-floyd-death |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=KVAL |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=E. W. |date=2020-06-11 |title=Fighting for Change |url=https://eugeneweekly.com/2020/06/11/fighting-for-change/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Eugene Weekly |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Protesters tear down pioneer statues after Deady Hall protest |url=https://www.dailyemerald.com/news/breaking-protesters-tear-down-pioneer-statues-after-deady-hall-protest/article_3526f140-adec-11ea-8f06-2bb6cab42c73.html|access-date=January 5, 2025|archive-date=June 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614063236/https://www.dailyemerald.com/news/breaking-protesters-tear-down-pioneer-statues-after-deady-hall-protest/article_3526f140-adec-11ea-8f06-2bb6cab42c73.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2023 and 2024, pro-Palestinian demonstrations were organized by many different activist groups across the city, and saw major events like marches with hundreds of participants, the April 15, 2024 I-5 protest which blocked southbound I-5 traffic for hours and resulted in the largest mass arrests in Eugene activist history <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desaulniers |first=Robert |date=2024-04-15 |title=More than 50 arrested after protest that shut down Interstate 5 Monday morning |url=https://www.kezi.com/news/more-than-50-arrested-after-protest-that-shut-down-interstate-5-monday-morning/article_1df18bc0-fb4f-11ee-bee2-f7775b004319.html |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=KEZI 9 News |language=en}}</ref> and the [[2024 University of Oregon pro-Palestinian campus occupation]] as part of the [[2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses|2024 pro-Palestinian protests on college campuses]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Oregon students set up encampment to protest Gaza conflict |url=https://www.opb.org/article/2024/04/30/university-of-oregon-students-set-up-encampment-to-protest-gaza-conflict/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=opb |language=en}}</ref>