Editing Etruria (section)

==Etruscan Etruria==
The ancient people of Etruria<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1126/sciadv.abi7673|title = The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect|year = 2021|last1 = Posth|first1 = Cosimo|last2 = Zaro|first2 = Valentina|last3 = Spyrou|first3 = Maria A.|last4 = Vai|first4 = Stefania|last5 = Gnecchi-Ruscone|first5 = Guido A.|last6 = Modi|first6 = Alessandra|last7 = Peltzer|first7 = Alexander|last8 = Mötsch|first8 = Angela|last9 = Nägele|first9 = Kathrin|last10 = Vågene|first10 = Åshild J.|last11 = Nelson|first11 = Elizabeth A.|last12 = Radzevičiūtė|first12 = Rita|last13 = Freund|first13 = Cäcilia|last14 = Bondioli|first14 = Lorenzo M.|last15 = Cappuccini|first15 = Luca|last16 = Frenzel|first16 = Hannah|last17 = Pacciani|first17 = Elsa|last18 = Boschin|first18 = Francesco|last19 = Capecchi|first19 = Giulia|last20 = Martini|first20 = Ivan|last21 = Moroni|first21 = Adriana|last22 = Ricci|first22 = Stefano|last23 = Sperduti|first23 = Alessandra|last24 = Turchetti|first24 = Maria Angela|last25 = Riga|first25 = Alessandro|last26 = Zavattaro|first26 = Monica|last27 = Zifferero|first27 = Andrea|last28 = Heyne|first28 = Henrike O.|last29 = Fernández-Domínguez|first29 = Eva|last30 = Kroonen|first30 = Guus J.|journal = [[Science Advances]]|volume = 7|issue = 39|pages = eabi7673|pmid = 34559560|pmc = 8462907| bibcode=2021SciA....7.7673P |display-authors = 1}}</ref>
are identified as [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]]s. Their complex [[Etruscan civilization|culture]]<ref>Kindy, David, ''[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/dna-analysis-shows-early-etruscans-were-homegrown-180978772/ Where Did the Ancient Etruscans Come From?: A new DNA analysis suggests the enigmatic civilization was native to the Italian Peninsula]'', Smithsonian, September 29, 2021</ref> centered on numerous city-states that arose during the [[Villanovan]] period in the ninth century BC, and they were very powerful during the [[Orientalizing]] [[Archaic period in Greece|Archaic period]]s.

The Etruscans were a dominant culture in Italy by 650 BC,<ref name="Rix-2008">Rix, Helmut. "Etruscan." In ''The Ancient Languages of Europe,'' ed. Roger D. Woodard. Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 141–164.</ref> surpassing other ancient Italic peoples such as the [[Ligures]]. Their influence may be seen beyond Etruria's confines in the [[Po River]] Valley and [[Latium]], as well as in [[Campania]] and through their contact with the [[Magna Graecia|Greek colonies]] in [[Southern Italy]] (including Sicily). Indeed, at some Etruscan tombs, such as those of the [[Tumulus di Montefortini]] at Comeana (see [[Carmignano]]) in [[Tuscany]], physical evidence of trade with [[Third Intermediate Period of Egypt|Egypt]] has been found by archaeologists—fine [[Egyptian faience]] cups are an example. Such trade occurred either directly with Egypt or through intermediaries such as Greek or Phoenician sailors.

[[File:Сведомский Александр Александрович - Ворота в городе Вольтерра, Этрурия.jpg|thumb|''Gate in [[Volterra]], Etruria'' or ''Returning With Captives'' by {{ill|Aleksandr Svedomsky|fr|Aleksandr Svedomski}} or Svedomskiy, 1884]]

Rome was influenced strongly by the Etruscans even though it was separated from the early boundary of Etruria by the [[Silva Ciminia]], the Ciminian Forest. A series of Etruscan kings ruled [[Rome]] until 509 BC when the last Etruscan king, [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus]], was removed from power and the [[Roman Republic]] was established.<ref name="Cary">Cary, M.; Scullard, H. H., ''A History of Rome.'' Page 28. 3rd Ed. 1979. {{ISBN|0-312-38395-9}}.</ref> The Etruscans are credited with influencing Roman architecture and ritual practice; it was under the Etruscan kings that important structures such as the [[Temple of Jupiter (Capitoline Hill)|Capitolium]], [[Cloaca Maxima]], and [[Via Sacra]] were realized.

The [[Etruscan civilization]] had a great influence on the culture of early Republican Rome, some of what later became the most symbolic traditions of the city. It also included the introduction of new foods, the [[Latin alphabet]], the [[architecture]], and [[civil engineering|engineering]] elements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roma.Com |first=Redazione |date=2021-08-04 |title=L'influenza della civiltà etrusca sugli antichi Romani |url=https://www.roma.com/linfluenza-della-civilta-etrusca-sugli-antichi-romani/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Roma.Com |language=it}}</ref>