Editing Ethnocentrism (section)

==Origins and development==
The term ethnocentrism derives from two Greek words: ''"ethnos"'', meaning nation, and ''"kentron"'', meaning center. Scholars believe this term was coined by Polish sociologist [[Ludwig Gumplowicz]] in the 19th century, although alternate theories suggest that he only popularized the concept as opposed to inventing it.<ref name=":1">Naturalism in Sociology of the Turn of the Century (by Alexander Hofman and Alexander Kovalev), A History of Classical Sociology. Ed. by [[Igor Kon]]. Moscow, 1989, p. 84. {{ISBN|5-01-001102-6}}</ref><ref name="Bizumic2014">{{Cite journal | doi=10.5964/jspp.v2i1.264 | title=Who Coined the Concept of Ethnocentrism? A Brief Report| journal=Journal of Social and Political Psychology| volume=2| pages=3–10| year=2014| last1=Bizumic| first1=Boris|doi-access=free| hdl=1885/38646| hdl-access=free}}</ref> He saw ethnocentrism as a phenomenon similar to the delusions of [[geocentrism]] and [[anthropocentrism]], defining Ethnocentrism as "the reasons by virtue of which each group of people believed it had always occupied the highest point, not only among contemporaneous peoples and nations, but also in relation to all peoples of the historical past."<ref name=":1" />

Subsequently, in the 20th century, American social scientist [[William Graham Sumner|William G. Sumner]] proposed two different definitions in his 1906 book ''Folkways.'' Sumner stated that "Ethnocentrism is the technical name for this view of things in which one's own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it."<ref name=folkways>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/folkwaysstudyofs00sumnrich|page=[https://archive.org/details/folkwaysstudyofs00sumnrich/page/13 13]|title=Folkways: A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals|last=Sumner|first=William Graham|date=1906|publisher=Ginn and Company|access-date=January 18, 2019}}</ref> In the ''War and Other Essays (1911)'', he wrote that "the sentiment of cohesion, internal comradeship, and devotion to the in-group, which carries with it a sense of superiority to any out-group and readiness to defend the interests of the in-group against the out-group, is technically known as ethnocentrism."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/warandotheressa01kellgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/warandotheressa01kellgoog/page/n46 12]|title=War, and Other Essays|last=Sumner|first=William Graham|date=1911|publisher=Yale University Press|access-date=January 18, 2019}}</ref> According to Boris Bizumic, it is a popular misunderstanding that Sumner originated the term ethnocentrism, stating that in actuality, he brought ethnocentrism into the mainstreams of [[anthropology]], [[social science]], and [[psychology]] through his English publications.<ref name="Bizumic2014"/>

Several theories have been reinforced through the social and psychological understandings of ethnocentrism including [[Theodor W. Adorno|Adorno's]] [[The Authoritarian Personality|Authoritarian Personality Theory]] (1950), [[Donald T. Campbell]]'s [[Realistic Group Conflict Theory]] (1972), and [[Henri Tajfel]]'s [[Social identity theory]] (1986). These theories have helped to distinguish ethnocentrism as a means to better understand the behaviors caused by [[in-group and out-group]] differentiation throughout history and society.<ref name="Bizumic2014"/>