Editing Ethernet (section)

==History==
[[File:Accton-etherpocket-sp-parallel-port-ethernet-adapter.jpg|thumb|[[Accton Technology Corporation|Accton]] Etherpocket-SP [[parallel port]] Ethernet adapter ({{Circa|1990}}). Supports both coaxial ([[10BASE2]]) and twisted pair ([[10BASE-T]]) cables. Power is drawn from a [[PS/2 port]] passthrough cable.]]

Ethernet was developed at [[Xerox PARC]] between 1973 and 1974<ref name="metcalfe video">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5MezxMcRmk | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/g5MezxMcRmk| archive-date=December 11, 2021 | url-status=live|title=The History of Ethernet |publisher=NetEvents.tv |date=2006 |access-date=September 10, 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_687626 |title=Ethernet Prototype Circuit Board |year=1973 |publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of American History |access-date=September 2, 2007 |archive-date=October 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028132431/http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_687626 |url-status=live }}</ref> as a means to allow [[Alto computer]]s to communicate with each other.<ref name="Spectrum">{{cite magazine |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/ethernet-ieee-milestone |author=Joanna Goodrich |magazine=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |title=Ethernet is Still Going Strong After 50 Years |date=2023-11-16}}</ref> It was inspired by [[ALOHAnet]], which [[Robert Metcalfe]] had studied as part of his [[PhD]] dissertation<ref name="brock">{{cite book |title=The Second Information Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/secondinformatio00broc |url-access=limited |author=Gerald W. Brock |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=September 25, 2003 |isbn=0-674-01178-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/secondinformatio00broc/page/n165 151]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Metz |first1=Cade |title=Turing Award Won by Co-Inventor of Ethernet Technology |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/22/technology/turing-award-bob-metcalfe-ethernet.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=March 23, 2023 |date=March 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323005811/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/22/technology/turing-award-bob-metcalfe-ethernet.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and was originally called the Alto Aloha Network.<ref name="Spectrum" /> Metcalfe's idea was essentially to limit the Aloha-like signals inside a cable, instead of broadcasting into the air. The idea was first documented in a memo that Metcalfe wrote on May 22, 1973, where he named it after the [[luminiferous aether]] once postulated to exist as an "omnipresent, completely passive medium for the propagation of electromagnetic waves."<ref name="metcalfe video" /><ref name="Ethernet name history">{{cite web |website=The Register |title=Ethernet – a <s>networking protocol</s> name for the ages: Michelson, Morley, and Metcalfe |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/13/metcalfe_remembers/page2.html |access-date=March 4, 2013 |date=March 13, 2009 |author=Cade Metz |page=2 |archive-date=November 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108043954/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/13/metcalfe_remembers/page2.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inventors of the Modern Computer |url=http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa111598.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711085707/http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa111598.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 11, 2012 |author=Mary Bellis |publisher=About.com |access-date=September 10, 2011 }}</ref>

In 1975, [[Xerox]] filed a patent application listing Metcalfe, [[David Boggs]], [[Chuck Thacker]], and [[Butler Lampson]] as inventors.<ref>{{US patent|4063220}} "Multipoint data communication system (with collision detection)"</ref> In 1976, after the system was deployed at PARC, Metcalfe and Boggs published a seminal paper.<ref>{{cite journal| author1 = Robert Metcalfe| author2 = David Boggs| date = July 1976| title = Ethernet: Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks| journal = [[Communications of the ACM]]| volume = 19| issue = 7| pages = 395–405| url = http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/pcosta/cn_slides/metcalfe76ethernet.pdf| doi = 10.1145/360248.360253| s2cid = 429216| author-link1 = Robert Metcalfe| author-link2 = David Boggs| access-date = August 25, 2015| archive-date = March 15, 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160315040642/http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/pcosta/cn_slides/metcalfe76ethernet.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref>{{Efn|The experimental Ethernet described in the 1976 paper ran at 2.94&nbsp;Mbit/s and has eight-bit destination and source address fields, so the original Ethernet addresses are not the [[MAC address]]es they are today.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Evolution of the Ethernet Local Computer Network |author1= John F. Shoch |author2= Yogen K. Dalal |author3= David D. Redell |author4= Ronald C. Crane |author4-link= Ron Crane (engineer) |journal= IEEE Computer |date= August 1982 |volume= 15 |issue= 8 |pages= 14–26 |url= http://ethernethistory.typepad.com/papers/EthernetEvolution.pdf |doi= 10.1109/MC.1982.1654107 |s2cid= 14546631 |author-link1= John F. Shoch |access-date= April 7, 2011 |archive-date= August 15, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110815204600/http://ethernethistory.typepad.com/papers/EthernetEvolution.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref> By software convention, the 16 bits after the destination and source address fields specify a "packet type", but, as the paper says, "different protocols use disjoint sets of packet types". Thus the original packet types could vary within each different protocol. This is in contrast to the [[EtherType]] in the IEEE Ethernet standard, which specifies the protocol being used.}} [[Ron Crane (engineer)|Ron Crane]], [[Yogen Dalal]],<ref name="Pelkey-Dalal">{{cite book |last1=Pelkey |first1=James L. |title=Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications, 1968–1988 |date=2007 |chapter=Yogen Dalal |url=http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Individuals/abstracts/yogen-dalal.html |access-date=September 5, 2019 |archive-date=September 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905162105/http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Individuals/abstracts/yogen-dalal.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Robert Garner, Hal Murray, Roy Ogus, Dave Redell and [[John Shoch]] facilitated the upgrade from the original 2.94&nbsp;Mbit/s protocol to the 10&nbsp;Mbit/s protocol, which was released to the market in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wband.com/2013/05/introduction-to-ethernet-technologies/|title=Introduction to Ethernet Technologies|publisher=WideBand Products|website=www.wband.com|language=en-US|access-date=April 9, 2018|archive-date=April 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410072256/https://www.wband.com/2013/05/introduction-to-ethernet-technologies/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Metcalfe left Xerox in June 1979 to form [[3Com]].<ref name="metcalfe video" /><ref name=VonBurg2003 /> He convinced [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] (DEC), [[Intel]], and Xerox to work together to promote Ethernet as a standard. As part of that process Xerox agreed to relinquish their 'Ethernet' trademark.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/ethernet-the-definitive/1565926609/ch01.html|url=https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/ethernet-the-definitive/1565926609/|chapter=Chapter 1. The Evolution of Ethernet|title=Ethernet: The Definitive Guide|author=Charles E. Spurgeon|date=2000|isbn=1565926609|access-date=December 4, 2018|archive-date=December 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003408/https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/ethernet-the-definitive/1565926609/|url-status=live}}</ref> The first standard was published on September 30, 1980, as "The Ethernet, A Local Area Network. Data Link Layer and Physical Layer Specifications". This so-called DIX standard (Digital Intel Xerox)<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Hardcopy (magazine)|Hardcopy]] |date=March 1981 |page=12 |title=Ethernet: Bridging the communications gap}}</ref> specified 10&nbsp;Mbit/s Ethernet, with 48-bit destination and source addresses and a global 16-bit [[Ethertype]]-type field.<ref name="blue">{{Cite journal |url=http://ethernethistory.typepad.com/papers/EthernetSpec.pdf |date=September 30, 1980 |title=The Ethernet, A Local Area Network. Data Link Layer and Physical Layer Specifications, Version 1.0 |author1=Digital Equipment Corporation |author2=Intel Corporation |author3=Xerox Corporation |publisher=Xerox Corporation |access-date=December 10, 2011 |journal= |archive-date=August 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825014958/https://ethernethistory.typepad.com/papers/EthernetSpec.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Version 2 was published in November 1982<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://decnet.ipv7.net/docs/dundas/aa-k759b-tk.pdf |title=The Ethernet, A Local Area Network. Data Link Layer and Physical Layer Specifications, Version 2.0 |date=November 1982 |author1=Digital Equipment Corporation |author2=Intel Corporation |author3=Xerox Corporation |publisher=Xerox Corporation |access-date=December 10, 2011 |journal= |archive-date=December 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215224455/http://decnet.ipv7.net/docs/dundas/aa-k759b-tk.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and defines what has become known as [[Ethernet II]]. Formal [[#Standardization|standardization efforts]] proceeded at the same time and resulted in the publication of [[IEEE 802.3]] on June 23, 1983.<ref name="ieeepr">{{cite press release|url=http://standards.ieee.org/news/2013/802.3_30anniv.html|title=IEEE 802.3 'Standard for Ethernet' Marks 30 Years of Innovation and Global Market Growth|publisher=IEEE|date=June 24, 2013|access-date=January 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112041706/http://standards.ieee.org/news/2013/802.3_30anniv.html|archive-date=January 12, 2014}}</ref>

Ethernet initially competed with [[Token Ring]] and other [[proprietary protocol]]s. Ethernet was able to adapt to market needs, and with 10BASE2 shift to inexpensive thin coaxial cable, and from 1990 to the now-ubiquitous [[twisted pair]] with 10BASE-T. By the end of the 1980s, Ethernet was clearly the dominant network technology.<ref name="metcalfe video" /> In the process, 3Com became a major company. 3Com shipped its first 10&nbsp;Mbit/s Ethernet 3C100 [[Network Interface Controller|NIC]] in March 1981, and that year started selling adapters for [[PDP-11]]s and [[VAX]]es, as well as [[Multibus]]-based Intel and [[Sun Microsystems]] computers.<ref name=Breyer1999>{{cite book |title=Switched, Fast, and Gigabit Ethernet |year=1999 |author1=Robert Breyer |author2=Sean Riley |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=1-57870-073-6}}</ref>{{rp|9}} This was followed quickly by DEC's [[Unibus]] to Ethernet adapter, which DEC sold and used internally to build its own corporate network, which reached over 10,000 nodes by 1986, making it one of the largest computer networks in the world at that time.<ref>{{cite book |title=Digital at Work |author=Jamie Parker Pearson |year=1992 |publisher=Digital Press |isbn=1-55558-092-0 |page=163}}</ref> An Ethernet adapter card for the IBM PC was released in 1982, and, by 1985, 3Com had sold 100,000.<ref name=VonBurg2003 /> In the 1980s, IBM's own [[IBM PC Network|PC Network]] product competed with Ethernet for the PC, and through the 1980s, LAN hardware, in general, was not common on PCs. However, in the mid to late 1980s, PC networking did become popular in offices and schools for printer and fileserver sharing, and among the many diverse competing LAN technologies of that decade, Ethernet was one of the most popular. [[Parallel port]] based Ethernet adapters were produced for a time, with drivers for DOS and Windows. By the early 1990s, Ethernet became so prevalent that Ethernet ports began to appear on some PCs and most [[workstation]]s. This process was greatly sped up with the introduction of 10BASE-T and its relatively small [[modular connector]], at which point Ethernet ports appeared even on low-end motherboards.{{citation needed|reason=which statement in the paragraph needs a citation? – all of it that is uncited if it's going to stay in the GAN queue|date=April 2020}}

Since then, Ethernet technology has evolved to meet new bandwidth and market requirements.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4211609/Shifts-growth-ahead-for-10G-Ethernet |title=Shifts, growth ahead for 10G Ethernet |publisher=E Times |date=December 20, 2010 |author=Rick Merritt |access-date=September 10, 2011 |journal= |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118135235/http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4211609/Shifts-growth-ahead-for-10G-Ethernet |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to computers, Ethernet is now used to interconnect appliances and other [[mobile device|personal devices]].<ref name="metcalfe video" /> As [[Industrial Ethernet]] it is used in industrial applications and is quickly replacing legacy data transmission systems in the world's telecommunications networks.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.jaymiescotto.com/jsablog/2011/07/29/my-oh-my-ethernet-growth-continues-to-soar-surpasses-legacy/ |title=My oh My – Ethernet Growth Continues to Soar; Surpasses Legacy |date=July 29, 2011 |publisher=Telecom News Now |access-date=September 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118225710/http://www.jaymiescotto.com/jsablog/2011/07/29/my-oh-my-ethernet-growth-continues-to-soar-surpasses-legacy/ |archive-date=November 18, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By 2010, the market for Ethernet equipment amounted to over $16&nbsp;billion per year.<ref>{{Cite journal |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |title=Cisco, Juniper, HP drive Ethernet switch market in Q4 |url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/2245430/cisco--juniper--hp-drive-ethernet-switch-market-in-q4.html |access-date=August 11, 2019 |date=February 22, 2010 |author=Jim Duffy |journal=Network World |archive-date=August 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811175521/https://www.networkworld.com/article/2245430/cisco--juniper--hp-drive-ethernet-switch-market-in-q4.html |url-status=live }}</ref>